Table 1. Socio-technical framing of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Socio-technical framing of SBDPs

MLP level	Key characteristics	Representative studies	Sustainability focus	Key insights for SBDPs
Landscape	External pressures shaping long-term system change	Geels (2019), Phan, Göransson and Johnsson (2026), Poorisat et al. (2024)	Climate change, water scarcity, public health, systems thinking	Creates urgency for integrated and cross-domain sustainability responses
Regime	Dominant rules, standards and institutional practices	Doan et al. (2021), Hafez et al. (2023)	Building codes, energy standards, certification systems	Stabilises existing practices; reinforces EE-centric and siloed implementation
Niche	Experimental and innovative practices	Hall and Pertrass (2022), Jain et al. (2019)	Integrated EE–WE–IEQ approaches; post-occupancy evaluation	Enables learning, challenges regime lock-in, and supports holistic performance

MLP level	Key characteristics	Representative studies	Sustainability focus	Key insights for SBDPs
Landscape	External pressures shaping long-term system change	Geels (2019), Phan, Göransson and Johnsson (2026), Poorisat et al. (2024)	Climate change, water scarcity, public health, systems thinking	Creates urgency for integrated and cross-domain sustainability responses
Regime	Dominant rules, standards and institutional practices	Doan et al. (2021), Hafez et al. (2023)	Building codes, energy standards, certification systems	Stabilises existing practices; reinforces EE-centric and siloed implementation
Niche	Experimental and innovative practices	Hall and Pertrass (2022), Jain et al. (2019)	Integrated EE–WE–IEQ approaches; post-occupancy evaluation	Enables learning, challenges regime lock-in, and supports holistic performance