Table 3.

Alignment of DDIF stages with lifecycle phases, technologies and flows

DDIF stageLifecycle phase(s) (EN 15978)Key enabling technologiesRole in information and material flowImplementation status
1 Initiation and planningA0–A1BIM, digital collaboration platformsDefines circular objectives, stakeholder roles and data requirements that govern downstream information and material flowsMandatory
2 Data collection and standardisationA1–A3BIM, ISO 23386/23387 templates, EPD databasesEstablishes standardised data structures enabling lifecycle-wide traceability and interoperabilityMandatory
3 Technological integrationA1–DBIM, IoT, AI, blockchain, digital twins (overarching)Integrates data streams into a unified digital environment; DTs synchronise real-time information across lifecycle stagesMandatory
4 DPP and DMB creationA1–A5 (with updates across B–D)BIM, blockchain, DPP/DMB platformsCreates and continuously validates DPPs; links verified components to DMB entries for future reuseMandatory
5 Digital lifecycle monitoring and updatesB1–B8, C1–C4IoT, AI, digital twinsMaintains real-time performance, condition and carbon data feeding forward into reuse and recovery decisionsAdaptive
6 End-of-life and circularity assessmentC1–C4 → A3, DDPPs, DMBs, AI, digital twinsEnables quality-based recovery and material looping from C stages back to A3, as shown in Figure 5Mandatory
7 Reporting and sharingA–DDPP platforms, ESG and compliance toolsProvides stakeholder-specific access to verified data supporting compliance, procurement and transparencyAdaptive
8 Review and governanceA–DBlockchain, audit tools, digital twinsOversees data integrity, policy alignment and continuous framework refinementMandatory
Source(s): Authors’ compilation (2026)

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