Peer-to-peer trading platforms combining target industries and carbon markets (Hua and Sun, 2019; Zhao et al., 2022; Boumaiza and Maher, 2024; Kalaiselvan et al., 2024; Wang and Zhang, 2024; Zhao and Peng, 2024)

Cross-chain enabled collaborative market framework (Wang et al., 2022)

Automated and incentivised carbon credit acquisition framework (Woo et al., 2020)

Blockchain-enabled carbon trading platform with real-time tracking (Yu and Wang, 2023)

Biform game model framework combining the noncooperative and cooperative games to explore competitive and cooperative investment strategies (Zhang et al., 2024)

Complete trading system structure with a many-to-many “pan-bilateral” trading mechanism (Qian-Qiong et al., 2022)

Trading voluntary carbon credit tokens on a blockchain-based exchange with reduced intermediation (Swinkels, 2024)

Smart contract-based coalition to share carbon emission quotas with a profit allocation mechanism among the organisations (Huang et al., 2023a)

Carbon credit ecosystem enabled by smart contracts and state-of-the-art blockchain technology (Jawalkar et al., 2024)

Low-code blockchain platform for carbon credit trading (Pengna et al., 2024)

Pricing model of carbon emission allowance in a blockchain-enabled carbon trading platform (Gu, Qu and Zhang et al., 2023)

Blockchain-enabled carbon trading platform driven by the CAP-and-Trade mechanism (Patil et al., 2024)

Blockchain-enabled dual carbon trading platform for compliance and voluntary carbon markets (Zhao and Luo, 2023)

Linkage trading platforms based on mutual recognition (Zhao et al., 2024) and joint trading platforms (Tian et al., 2022) for a target industry and carbon market

Reduced costs compared to traditional carbon trading systems (Hua and Sun, 2019; Tian et al., 2022; Zhao and Luo, 2023)

Effective carbon offsets and emission reductions (Hua and Sun, 2019; Wang et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2024)

Improved transaction efficiency (Tian et al., 2022; Zhao and Luo, 2023)

Long-term success for organisations through increased profits and market shares (Wang et al., 2022; Huang et al., 2023a)

Reasonable distribution of energy resources to promote a low-carbon economy (Boumaiza and Maher, 2024; Zhao et al., 2024)

Improved participation of organisations in carbon trading schemes (Zhang et al., 2024)

Improved intelligence, efficiency and reduced cost in carbon trading systems (Zhao et al., 2022)

Increased attention on the development of marine resources (Zhao et al., 2022)

Increased investments in blue carbon sink projects (Zhao et al., 2022)

Enhanced operational efficiency in urban public transport (Yu and Wang, 2023)

Reduced operational costs and carbon emissions of the sector (Yu and Wang, 2023)

Reduced cost and improved efficiency in carbon trading (Pengna et al., 2024)

Improved user-friendliness of the systems (Pengna et al., 2024)

Blockchain-supported emission trading scheme driven by “emission link” for carbon emissions tracking (Fu et al., 2018)

Blockchain-enabled distributed carbon ledger (Tang and Tang, 2019; Mandaroux, Dong and Li et al., 2021)

Blockchain-supported token-based economy for carbon trading (Patel et al., 2020; Ballesteros-Rodríguez et al., 2024)

Permissioned blockchain model for emissions trading (Richardson and Xu, 2020)

Blockchain applications in carbon trading driven by the Stackelberg differential game model (Sun et al., 2021)

Carbon footprint traceability system with distributed traceability (traceability off the chain and verification on the chain) (Ju et al., 2022)

Blockchain-driven carbon emissions tracking, recording and validations for carbon credit trading markets (Marchant et al., 2022)

Blockchain-driven carbon asset management, including data deposit certification and traceability management (Li, Li and Lili-Li et al., 2021; Dai et al., 2023)

Blockchain-based carbon x-change rakyat platform for processing carbon certificate ownership transactions (Putro et al., 2024)

Blockchain-driven non-fungible token trading platform (Khanna and Maheshwari, 2024)

Blockchain-based carbon metering and settlement system with digital identities (Wen et al., 2024)

Blockchain-based carbon credit systems to improve traceability, visibility and accountability of supply chains (Briales and Flinn, 2023)

Immediate monetisation of carbon credits (Ashley and Johnson, 2018)

Reduced cost and improved efficiency in carbon trading (Ashley and Johnson, 2018)

Simplified trading environments (Ashley and Johnson, 2018)

Improved capabilities in implementing financial incentive programmes for clean energy generation and utilisation (Ashley and Johnson, 2018)

Enhanced trust, reliability and consistency in statistical and settlement methods for carbon emissions and energy consumption (Wen et al., 2024)

Improved carbon asset management through efficient data management and verifications (Dai et al., 2023)

Reduced carbon emissions during the entire apparel manufacturing process (Fu et al., 2018)

Improved transparency, immutability and automation of carbon trading systems (Fu et al., 2018)

Reduced cost and improved efficiency in carbon trading (Sun et al., 2021)

Improved motivation among forest farmers for reducing carbon emissions (Sun et al., 2021)

Guarantee in responsible timber sourcing through sustainable and legal methods by improved traceability, visibility and accountability of operations (Briales and Flinn, 2023)

Improved efficiency in carbon trading (Khanna and Maheshwari, 2024)

Incentivisation of sustainable farming practices (Khanna and Maheshwari, 2024)

Additional revenue streams for farmers (Khanna and Maheshwari, 2024)

Blockchain-enabled smart bi-level carbon trading system driven by Stackelberg game theory (Huang et al., 2023b)

Blockchain-driven smart carbon trading process optimisation framework (Zhang et al., 2023)

Blockchain-enabled automated emission trading system based on emission caps (Lu et al., 2022)

Blockchain-based automated system to earn carbon credits based on energy performance (Woo et al., 2020)

Blockchain of Things (BoT) for carbon trading (Al Sadawi et al., 2020)

Blockchain-based smart supply chain emission reduction model influenced by Stackelberg game theory (Wang and Zhang, 2024)

Directed acyclic graph-based blockchain system for carbon trading with collaborative on-chain and off-chain storage (Song et al., 2017)

Reduced cost and improved efficiency in carbon trading (Huang et al., 2023b; Zhang et al., 2023)

Effective carbon offsets and carbon emission reductions (Huang et al., 2023a)

Improved motivation for participating in carbon trading (Huang et al., 2023a)

Improved privacy of the participants (Huang et al., 2023a; Zhang et al., 2023)

High level of automation in carbon trading (Zhang et al., 2023)

Automated carbon emission auditing without third-party involvement (Lu et al., 2022)

Improved reliability and transparency in carbon permit trading (Lu et al., 2022)

Reduction of carbon emissions throughout the supply chains (Wang and Zhang, 2024)

Increased motivation in participating in carbon trading schemes (Wang and Zhang, 2024)

Blockchain-enabled reputation-based emission trading scheme (Khaqqi et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2021)

Incentivised peer-to-peer trading framework for carbon trading (Hua et al., 2020; Shokri et al., 2022)

Blockchain-enabled distributed emission trading system with Delegated Proof of Reputation consensus mechanism (Hu et al., 2020)

Double-blockchain structured trading scheme with reputation-based incentives (Liang et al., 2019)

Blockchain-based on-chain carbon trading with integrated reputation scoring driven by Carboncoin tokenisation (Golding et al., 2022)

Blockchain-driven tracking, recording and validations for carbon credit trading with concept dissemination (Zhou et al., 2023)

Blockchain-based carbon trading system with optimised profit distribution for incentivisation (Li et al., 2024)

Blockchain-enabled dual on-chain/off-chain trusted carbon trading system driven with a reputation mechanism (Wang and Zhang, 2024)

Optimised behaviours of the prosumers in the energy sector in achieving energy balance and reducing carbon emissions (Hua et al., 2020)

Increased motivation in participating in carbon trading schemes (Hua et al., 2020)

Effective carbon offsets and carbon emission reductions (Hua et al., 2020)

Equitable distribution of profits among the participants (Li et al., 2024)

Improvements in low-carbon energy management (Li et al., 2024)

Reliable and efficient energy distribution (Li et al., 2024)

Increased incentives for transferring to clean energy systems (Li et al., 2024)

Improved speed of convergence among participants (Li et al., 2024)

Secure carbon emission trading system driven by blockchain-based digital asset transactions (Yang et al., 2024)

Mixed-integer non-linear programme for peer-to-peer carbon trading with improved privacy and traceability (Kazi and Hasan, 2024)

Unified global carbon emission trading system with improved cross-border data security (M. Su et al., 2024)

Blockchain-enabled secure carbon trading through optimised price forecasting (Yang et al., 2024)

Blockchain-based carbon metering and settlement system with digital identities (Wen et al., 2024)

Secure carbon trading and auditing driven by blockchain and the Internet of Things (Huo et al., 2024)

Semi-centralised blockchain solution for secure and transparent carbon trading (Jain et al., 2024)

Ability to optimise the security of the carbon trading systems through transparent and distributed ledgers (Wen et al., 2024)

Improved privacy of the participants (Huang et al., 2023b)

Development of anonymous and secure market platforms for carbon trading (Huang et al., 2023b)

Increased motivation in participating in carbon trading schemes (Huang et al., 2023b)

Blockchain-based system for verification of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals’ carbon emission rights (Kim and Huh, 2020)

Blockchain-enabled policy framework for emission trading for upstream, midstream and downstream entities (Li et al., 2021)

Blockchain-based carbon trading system to acquire trading reference information in resource-based cities (Zhang et al., 2022)

Institutional risk control framework for blockchain-based carbon trading (Zhao and Chan, 2020)

Improved carbon regulation schemes with a benchmarking mechanism influenced by blockchain solutions (Wang et al., 2023)

Blockchain-based carbon trading for the simulation of the evolution law (Dong et al., 2024)

Blockchain-based dynamic incentive contract model for governments (Sun et al., 2023)

Regulation of greenwashing in carbon trading through blockchain solutions (Xu et al., 2025)

Automated business compliance detection tool for smart contracts in carbon trading (Wu et al., 2024)

Blockchain-enabled unified carbon trading framework for regulatory authorities, consumers and producers of a target industry (Wang et al., 2025)

Intelligent integrated energy control system for financing capitalised carbon quota using blockchain solutions (Zhijun et al., 2023)

Collaborative blockchain model for carbon trading with market synergy mechanism and cross-chain technology (Zhang et al., 2023)

Establishment of effective, secure and compliant carbon trading schemes (Wu et al., 2024)

Increased pollution control and enhanced social welfare (Wang et al., 2025)

Facilitation of government regulations (Wang et al., 2025)

Increased data transparency (Wang et al., 2025)

Improved standardisations in carbon trading schemes (Wang et al., 2025)

Reduced administrative costs (Li et al., 2021)

Disintermediation of central authorities for carbon trading (Li et al., 2021)

Eradication of fraud and double counting (Li et al., 2021)

Improved efficiency in emission abatement (Li et al., 2021)

Improved traceability and transparency in carbon trading schemes (Li et al., 2021)

Reduced carbon emission intensity of urban areas (Zhang et al., 2022)

Increased availability of comprehensive trading reference information (Zhang et al., 2022)

Accelerated development of resource-based cities (Zhang et al., 2022)

Improved motivation among manufacturers for carbon emission reduction (Wang et al., 2023)

Increased support for decision-making (Wang et al., 2023)

Effective carbon offsets and carbon emission reductions (Wang et al., 2023)

Improved social welfare by regulating greenwashing in carbon trading (Xu et al., 2025)

Optimised support for the government to regulate the market price of carbon trading (Sun et al., 2023)

Increased vision for the government to decide the incentives provided for emission reductions under carbon trading policies (Sun et al., 2023)

Improved policy support for organisations to reduce carbon emissions (Zhijun et al., 2023)

Increased flexibility to be promoted across the country (Zhijun et al., 2023)

Increased availability of financial channels for carbon trading (Zhijun et al., 2023)

Enhanced effectiveness in distributing market resources (Zhang et al., 2023)