Table 2.

Classification and rationale of predefined hazards included in the virtual inspection site

HazardHazard typeOSHA categoryJustification for inclusion
Missing guardrailsFall hazardFall protectionRepresents One of the most cited OSHA violations; highly visible from elevated drone views; critical for perimeter safety
Tripping hazard (rebar)Trip hazardHousekeepingSimulates poor housekeeping – a common real-world hazard; easily observed in drone flyovers
Suspended loadStruck-by hazardMaterial handlingDemonstrates critical awareness of crane operations; drone view offers effective hazard assessment of load movement
Electrocution riskElectrical hazardElectrical safetyHighlights proximity to energized equipment; supports visual risk detection in power zones
Rolling barrelsCaught-in hazardMaterial storageRepresents unsecured material hazards that pose risks when rolled; relevant for area scanning
Missing rebar capsImpalement hazardSite preparationFrequently overlooked hazard; excellent test of visual attentiveness from aerial angles
Continuous hammeringErgonomic hazardOverexertion ergonomicSimulates prolonged vibration exposure; useful for assessing noise-related and ergonomic risks
Kickback (tool use)Struck-by motion riskTool Use-PPERepresents common tool-related accidents; visible operator animation aids hazard recognition
Heavy load liftingManual handlingErgonomics-LiftingRepresents musculoskeletal risk; used to test participants’ interpretation of lifting scenarios
Source(s): Authors’ own work

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal