Cross-country digitalization–growth patterns
| Country | Digitalization effect | Governance moderation | Oil dependence | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAE | Strong positive (+0.39*) | Strong positive (+0.85*) | Neutral | Digital Leader |
| Qatar | Strong positive (+0.33*) | Threshold reached | Negative (−0.35**) | Digital Leader |
| Saudi Arabia | Positive (n.s.) | Limited | Neutral | Policy Pioneer |
| Bahrain | Neutral | Not significant | Neutral | Policy Pioneer |
| Kuwait | Neutral | Amplifies oil dependence | Positive rentier | Transitional |
| Oman | Negative (−0.38) | Negative | Trade-dominant | Transitional |
| Country | Digitalization effect | Governance moderation | Oil dependence | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAE | Strong positive ( | Strong positive ( | Neutral | Digital Leader |
| Qatar | Strong positive ( | Threshold reached | Negative ( | Digital Leader |
| Saudi Arabia | Positive (n.s.) | Limited | Neutral | Policy Pioneer |
| Bahrain | Neutral | Not significant | Neutral | Policy Pioneer |
| Kuwait | Neutral | Amplifies oil dependence | Positive rentier | Transitional |
| Oman | Negative (−0.38) | Negative | Trade-dominant | Transitional |
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