Conceptual comparison between the presented AR-assisted HRC workflow and SLAM-based autonomous systems in bricklaying tasks
| Dimension | AR-Assisted HRC workflow (this study) | SLAM-Based/fully autonomous system |
|---|---|---|
| Primary objective | Support human-guided spatial coordination and task-level robotic execution | Enable autonomous navigation and localisation |
| Level of autonomy | Low–moderate (human-in-the-loop) | High (fully or semi-autonomous) |
| Localisation approach | AR-based spatial anchoring using low-fidelity visual markers | Sensor fusion (LiDAR, vision) with SLAM |
| Setup complexity | Low; rapid deployment with minimal calibration | High; requires environment mapping and calibration |
| Hardware requirements | AR-HMD, visual markers, standard cobot | LiDAR, high-precision sensors, mobile base |
| Initial investment cost | Relatively low | High |
| Operator expertise required | Suitable for non-specialist operators | Requires trained personnel |
| Typical application focus | Modular assembly, relocation-heavy workflows | Continuous autonomous navigation |
| Intended role in construction workflows | Complementary to existing infrastructure | Often aims to replace manual processes |
| Dimension | AR-Assisted | SLAM-Based/fully autonomous system |
|---|---|---|
| Primary objective | Support human-guided spatial coordination and task-level robotic execution | Enable autonomous navigation and localisation |
| Level of autonomy | Low–moderate (human-in-the-loop) | High (fully or semi-autonomous) |
| Localisation approach | AR-based spatial anchoring using low-fidelity visual markers | Sensor fusion (LiDAR, vision) with |
| Setup complexity | Low; rapid deployment with minimal calibration | High; requires environment mapping and calibration |
| Hardware requirements | AR-HMD, visual markers, standard cobot | LiDAR, high-precision sensors, mobile base |
| Initial investment cost | Relatively low | High |
| Operator expertise required | Suitable for non-specialist operators | Requires trained personnel |
| Typical application focus | Modular assembly, relocation-heavy workflows | Continuous autonomous navigation |
| Intended role in construction workflows | Complementary to existing infrastructure | Often aims to replace manual processes |
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