Summary of the main findings during the compression loading of the three structures (with different relative densities) in two orthogonal loading directions (directions 1 and 2)
| Key results | Sample with relative density of 0.5 | Sample with relative density of 0.34 | Sample with relative density of 0.29 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Load Direction 1 | Load Direction 2 | Load Direction 1 | Load Direction 1 | Load Direction 2 | |
| Peak force (kN) | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.64 | 0.39 | 0.33 |
| Force–displacement curve | -Higher stiffness -Brittle behaviour | -Lower stiffness -Ductile behaviour | -Structure is symmetric in all loading directions | -Higher stiffness -Abrupt fracture after peak force | -Lower stiffness -Gradual fracture after peak force |
| Deformation | -Non-uniform deformation -The central hole loses its original shape -Vertical strut buckles | -Uniform deformation -The structure folds up consistently -Central hole remains stable | -Stable and uniform deformation -The central hole closes like a “human eye” | -Non-uniform deformation -Buckling of the vertical strut -Central hole collapses | -Uniform deformation -The outer wall touches the walls of the central hole -Central hole closes |
| Damage | -Maximum stresses occur along the strut -Fracture of the walls of the central hole | -Maximum stresses at the four corners of the structure -There is generally a uniform stress distribution on the walls of the structure | -Maximum stresses along the vertical strut -The rest of the structure exhibits uniform stress distribution | -Stress is highly concentrated along the vertical strut and corners of the structure -The central hole fractures and collapses | - The maximum stresses occur at the corners of the outer walls -Fracture occurs at the outer walls of the structure |
| Key results | Sample with relative density of 0.5 | Sample with relative density of 0.34 | Sample with relative density of 0.29 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Load Direction 1 | Load Direction 2 | Load Direction 1 | Load Direction 1 | Load Direction 2 | |
| Peak force (kN) | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.64 | 0.39 | 0.33 |
| Force–displacement curve | -Higher stiffness -Brittle behaviour | -Lower stiffness -Ductile behaviour | -Structure is symmetric in all loading directions | -Higher stiffness -Abrupt fracture after peak force | -Lower stiffness -Gradual fracture after peak force |
| Deformation | -Non-uniform deformation -The central hole loses its original shape -Vertical strut buckles | -Uniform deformation -The structure folds up consistently -Central hole remains stable | -Stable and uniform deformation -The central hole closes like a “human eye” | -Non-uniform deformation -Buckling of the vertical strut -Central hole collapses | -Uniform deformation -The outer wall touches the walls of the central hole -Central hole closes |
| Damage | -Maximum stresses occur along the strut -Fracture of the walls of the central hole | -Maximum stresses at the four corners of the structure -There is generally a uniform stress distribution on the walls of the structure | -Maximum stresses along the vertical strut -The rest of the structure exhibits uniform stress distribution | -Stress is highly concentrated along the vertical strut and corners of the structure -The central hole fractures and collapses | - The maximum stresses occur at the corners of the outer walls -Fracture occurs at the outer walls of the structure |
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