Lean maturity models overview
| Ref | Method | H | D | G | Benchmarking | Dynamic /adaptive | Actionable insights | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulkkinen et al. (2019) | DEXTER digital maturity model | – | Y | – | Internal benchmarking across KPAs / units | Static | P – Generic guidance | Case study |
| Shi et al. (2019) | SMKL Kaizen-based smart manufacturing maturity | – | Y | – | Comparison across levels and sites | Static | P – Generic guidance | Case study |
| Santos et al. (2020) | LI4MTA Lean–I4.0 roadmap (BPM-based) | – | Y | – | Current vs target levels (internal benchmarking) | Partial | Y – Explicit roadmap | Case study |
| Sassanelli et al. (2020) | Digital–Lean maturity in product development | – | Y | – | Benchmarking among 3 ETO case companies | Static | Y – Explicit roadmap | Case studies |
| Zoubek et al. (2021) | SMKL 4.0 maturity model (Lean and I4.0) | P | Y | – | Internal benchmarking across plants/lines | Static | P – Generic guidance | Case study |
| Kandler et al. (2022) | Human-centred digital Shopfloor Management: implementation + maturity assessment | Y | Y | – | Current vs target state (internal) | Static | Y – Implementation process + element selection logic | Case study |
| Martins et al. (2023) | Hybrid MCDM for Lean and I4.0 prioritisation | – | Y | – | Ranking/prioritisation of technologies | Static | Y – Explicit technologies prioritisation | Case study |
| Skalli et al. (2023) | ADIME 4.0 digital maturity limited to Six Sigma | P | Y | – | Internal diagnostic across units | Static | P – Generic guidance | Theoretical |
| e Silva et al. (2024) | Lean–Circular Economy self-assessment (MCDA) | – | – | Y | Descriptive cross-company comparison | Static | Y–Explicit recommendations | Case studies |
| Sajjad et al. (2024) | Lean and I4.0 maturity (IMPULS, SIRI; survey) | P | Y | – | Firm segmentation/clustering | Static | P – Generic suggestions | Survey |
| Gatell and Avella (2024) | Conceptual DGL maturity model (5 levels) | – | Y | Y | Conceptual comparison of DGL profiles | Static | P - High-level guidance | Theoretical |
| Benmamoun et al. (2025) | GL maturity index (BWM) for pharma SMEs | P | – | Y | Intra-sample GL index | Static | P - High-level guidance | Case study |
| Silva, Nakandala et al. (2025) | Lean-centric I4.0 readiness model (6 dimensions, 39 sub-dimensions) | Y | Y | – | Readiness profiling/maturity matrix (internal/self-assessment) | Static | P – Structured readiness profile (no stepwise roadmap) | Theoretical |
| Tadja et al. (2025) | Inclusive lean manufacturing maturity tool (size/location analysis) | P | – | – | Cross-company comparison within sample (size/location lens) | Static | P – Tool-based diagnosis | Survey |
| This study | HDG–TPM 5.0 maturity framework | Y | Y | Y | External benchmarking (contextual, cluster-based) | Dynamic/adaptive | Y – Data-driven, explainable recommendations | Theoretical + pilot study |
| Ref | Method | H | D | G | Benchmarking | Dynamic /adaptive | Actionable insights | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEXTER digital maturity model | – | Y | – | Internal benchmarking across KPAs / units | Static | P – Generic guidance | Case study | |
| SMKL Kaizen-based smart manufacturing maturity | – | Y | – | Comparison across levels and sites | Static | P – Generic guidance | Case study | |
| LI4MTA Lean–I4.0 roadmap (BPM-based) | – | Y | – | Current vs target levels (internal benchmarking) | Partial | Y – Explicit roadmap | Case study | |
| Digital–Lean maturity in product development | – | Y | – | Benchmarking among 3 ETO case companies | Static | Y – Explicit roadmap | Case studies | |
| SMKL 4.0 maturity model (Lean and I4.0) | P | Y | – | Internal benchmarking across plants/lines | Static | P – Generic guidance | Case study | |
| Human-centred digital Shopfloor Management: implementation + maturity assessment | Y | Y | – | Current vs target state (internal) | Static | Y – Implementation process + element selection logic | Case study | |
| Hybrid MCDM for Lean and I4.0 prioritisation | – | Y | – | Ranking/prioritisation of technologies | Static | Y – Explicit technologies prioritisation | Case study | |
| ADIME 4.0 digital maturity limited to Six Sigma | P | Y | – | Internal diagnostic across units | Static | P – Generic guidance | Theoretical | |
| Lean–Circular Economy self-assessment (MCDA) | – | – | Y | Descriptive cross-company comparison | Static | Y–Explicit recommendations | Case studies | |
| Lean and I4.0 maturity (IMPULS, SIRI; survey) | P | Y | – | Firm segmentation/clustering | Static | P – Generic suggestions | Survey | |
| Conceptual DGL maturity model (5 levels) | – | Y | Y | Conceptual comparison of DGL profiles | Static | P - High-level guidance | Theoretical | |
| GL maturity index (BWM) for pharma SMEs | P | – | Y | Intra-sample GL index | Static | P - High-level guidance | Case study | |
| Lean-centric I4.0 readiness model (6 dimensions, 39 sub-dimensions) | Y | Y | – | Readiness profiling/maturity matrix (internal/self-assessment) | Static | P – Structured readiness profile (no stepwise roadmap) | Theoretical | |
| Inclusive lean manufacturing maturity tool (size/location analysis) | P | – | – | Cross-company comparison within sample (size/location lens) | Static | P – Tool-based diagnosis | Survey | |
| This study | HDG–TPM 5.0 maturity framework | Y | Y | Y | External benchmarking (contextual, cluster-based) | Dynamic/adaptive | Y – Data-driven, explainable recommendations | Theoretical + pilot study |
Note(s): H/D/G/L = Human/Digital/Green/Lean; Y = explicit, P = partial, – = not addressed
MCDA = Multi-criteria Decision Analysis; MCDM = Multi-criteria Decision Model; BPM = Business Process Management; BWM = Best Worst Method; SMKL = Samart Manufacturing Kaizen Level)