Table 1.

Operationalisation of different red tape intensities over time

PhasesTimeframePhase contentOperationalisationfor red tape in the case
Pre-COVID19Before 30 June 2020Initial state of highly regulated public procurement; legal rules and internal directives dominate the execution of public procurement in the organisationHighest level of red tape in the sample
COVID191 July 2020 to 30 June 2022Extraordinary timeframe with loosening of public procurement regulations (in particular direct procurement of marginal value) but on the other hand major additional rules for executing work, shut-downs etcExtraordinary phase of red tape, reduced on the one hand, increased on the other
PAcL1 July 2022 to 24 April 2023New law for acceleration of public procurement (for defence sector) with numerous and different approaches, e.g. loosened use of lots, freedom in the choice of procedure etcMedium level of red tape
SoS-D25 April 2023 to 31 December 2024New directive of the state secretary to accelerate public procurement also by reducing internal rules and instructions that go beyond legal regulationLowest level of red tape
Source(s): Authors’ own creation

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