Table 1 Theorised constructs Item...

Table 1

Theorised constructs

Item included	Authors
Information Technology Culture (ITC)	Shin et al. (2023), Martínez-Caro et al. (2020), Pradana et al. (2022)
DC.1 - Digital leadership and strategic vision
DC.2 - Openness to technological adoption and innovation
DC.3 - Digital collaboration and knowledge sharing
DC.4 - Change orientation and organisational learning
DC.5 - Employee engagement and digital skills development
DC.6 - Cultural alignment with digitalisation and transformation strategy
Organisational Flexibility (OFL)	Ni et al. (2021), Yousaf and Majid (2018)
OFL.1 - Flat and changeable organisational structure
OFL.2 - Versatile use of internal resources
OFL.3 - Leadership able to adapt roles and support change
OFL.4 - Adaptive and learning-oriented practices
OFL.5 - Rapid integration and adaptation of new technologies
OFL.6 - Employee autonomy to propose ideas and experiment
OFL.7 - Strategic collaboration and shared decision-making across internal functions
OFL.8 - Process-centred coordination and responsiveness
Radical Process Innovation (RPI)	Capitanio et al. (2010), Prabhu (2017), Khan et al. (2021), Barth et al. (2017)
RPI.1 - Introduction of entirely new production technologies or organisational models
RPI.2 - Disruption of conventional food processing chains via digital or smart technologies
RPI.3 - Replacement of legacy systems with scalable, resource-aware platforms
RPI.4 - Redesign of the entire production system
Incremental Process Innovation (IPI)	Capitanio et al. (2010), Purba et al. (2018)
IPI.1- Optimisation of existing production lines through digital tools or lean principles
IPI.2 - Small-scale improvements in packaging, preservation, hygiene, quality routines, etc.
IPI.3 - Gradual digitalisation of monitoring and traceability systems
IPI.4 - Application of existing technologies to improve quality or reduce costs
Frugal Process Innovation (FPI)	Prabhu (2017), Capitanio et al. (2010), Della Corte et al. (2018)
FPI.1 -Development of cost-effective, resource-minimising processing systems
FPI.2 - Redesign of supply chains to reduce waste and increase accessibility
FPI.3 - Use of locally available materials and decentralised production
FPI.4 - Integration of low-cost digital solutions for smart logistics

Item included	Authors
Information Technology Culture (ITC)	Shin et al. (2023), Martínez-Caro et al. (2020), Pradana et al. (2022)
DC.1 - Digital leadership and strategic vision
DC.2 - Openness to technological adoption and innovation
DC.3 - Digital collaboration and knowledge sharing
DC.4 - Change orientation and organisational learning
DC.5 - Employee engagement and digital skills development
DC.6 - Cultural alignment with digitalisation and transformation strategy
Organisational Flexibility (OFL)	Ni et al. (2021), Yousaf and Majid (2018)
OFL.1 - Flat and changeable organisational structure
OFL.2 - Versatile use of internal resources
OFL.3 - Leadership able to adapt roles and support change
OFL.4 - Adaptive and learning-oriented practices
OFL.5 - Rapid integration and adaptation of new technologies
OFL.6 - Employee autonomy to propose ideas and experiment
OFL.7 - Strategic collaboration and shared decision-making across internal functions
OFL.8 - Process-centred coordination and responsiveness
Radical Process Innovation (RPI)	Capitanio et al. (2010), Prabhu (2017), Khan et al. (2021), Barth et al. (2017)
RPI.1 - Introduction of entirely new production technologies or organisational models
RPI.2 - Disruption of conventional food processing chains via digital or smart technologies
RPI.3 - Replacement of legacy systems with scalable, resource-aware platforms
RPI.4 - Redesign of the entire production system
Incremental Process Innovation (IPI)	Capitanio et al. (2010), Purba et al. (2018)
IPI.1- Optimisation of existing production lines through digital tools or lean principles
IPI.2 - Small-scale improvements in packaging, preservation, hygiene, quality routines, etc.
IPI.3 - Gradual digitalisation of monitoring and traceability systems
IPI.4 - Application of existing technologies to improve quality or reduce costs
Frugal Process Innovation (FPI)	Prabhu (2017), Capitanio et al. (2010), Della Corte et al. (2018)
FPI.1 -Development of cost-effective, resource-minimising processing systems
FPI.2 - Redesign of supply chains to reduce waste and increase accessibility
FPI.3 - Use of locally available materials and decentralised production
FPI.4 - Integration of low-cost digital solutions for smart logistics

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