Table A9. Main variables, measurement... | Emerald Publishing

Table A9.

Main variables, measurement scales and items

Items	References
Grit This venture can adapt and change quickly in response to a crisis, new challenges, and opportunities This venture shows flexibility and adaptability to solve problems This venture looks for creative ways to cope with difficult situations This venture continues working hard even under difficult circumstances Regardless of what happens to this venture, it can find ways to deal with complicated situations This venture pursues current opportunities despite some failures and setbacks This venture is optimistic about the future This venture has a clear purpose, goals, and objectives This venture works hard to achieve long-term goals Despite daily battles, this venture stays focused on achieving goals and objectives Competitiveness is a key aim of the venture This venture finishes what it starts	Bullough et al. (2014); Connor and Davidson (2003); Duckworth and Quinn (2009); Holland and Garrett (2015); Luning (2019); Luthans et al. (2007); Marshall et al. (2020); Mueller et al. (2017); Sinclair and Wallston (2004); Williams and Shepherd (2016a, 2016b)
Strategic orientation Continuous renewal and innovation in products and services are important for our business Our firm makes introduction of many new lines of products/services to response to the market Our firm tends to initiate actions in the market and industry to take opportunities Our firm is often first to introduce products/services and administrative techniques People in our firm are encouraged to take calculated risks with innovative ideas Our business emphasizes both exploration and exploitation of opportunities Our business objectives are driven primarily by customer satisfaction Our business strategies are driven by our beliefs about how we can create greater value for customers Our firm is more customers focused than our competitors Our firm understands how everyone in our business can contribute to creating customer value	Buli (2017); Covin and Lumpkin (2011); Covin and Slevin (1989)
Bricolage Our firm has confidence in our ability to find workable solutions to new challenges by using our existing resources Our firm gladly takes on a broader range of challenges than others with our resources would be able to Our firm uses any existing resource that seems useful in responding to a new problem or opportunity Our firm deals with new challenges by applying a combination of our existing resources and other resources inexpensively available to us When dealing with unfamiliar problems or opportunities, our firm acts by assuming that we will find a workable solution By combining our existing resources, our firm takes on a surprising variety of new challenges When our firm faces new challenges, our firm puts together workable solutions from our existing resources Our firm combines resources to accomplish new challenges that the resources were not originally intended to accomplish	Baker and Nelson (2005); Davidsson et al. (2017)
Financial and Non-financial performance How successful have you been in the past year in achieving the following aspects? Please indicate your achievement on the scale ranging from 1 “not achieved at all” to 5 “absolutely achieved.” Financial performance Sales growth Profit growth Increased market share Growth of return on capital Non-financial performance Employee satisfaction Supportive firm culture Employee loyalty Firm social contribution Environment friendly firm Social recognition	Wach et al. (2020); Wach et al. (2015)
Innovation ambidexterity How successful have you been in the past year in achieving the following aspects of innovation? Our firm accepts demands that go beyond existing products and services Our firm has experiment with new products and services in our local market Our firm frequently utilizes new opportunities in new markets Our firm regularly searches for and approaches new customers in new markets Our firm frequently refines the provision of existing products and services Our firm introduces improved, but existing products and services for our local market Our firm improves our provision’s efficiency of products and services Lowering the costs of internal processes is an important objective of our firm	Jansen et al. (2006)

Items	References
Grit This venture can adapt and change quickly in response to a crisis, new challenges, and opportunities This venture shows flexibility and adaptability to solve problems This venture looks for creative ways to cope with difficult situations This venture continues working hard even under difficult circumstances Regardless of what happens to this venture, it can find ways to deal with complicated situations This venture pursues current opportunities despite some failures and setbacks This venture is optimistic about the future This venture has a clear purpose, goals, and objectives This venture works hard to achieve long-term goals Despite daily battles, this venture stays focused on achieving goals and objectives Competitiveness is a key aim of the venture This venture finishes what it starts	Bullough et al. (2014); Connor and Davidson (2003); Duckworth and Quinn (2009); Holland and Garrett (2015); Luning (2019); Luthans et al. (2007); Marshall et al. (2020); Mueller et al. (2017); Sinclair and Wallston (2004); Williams and Shepherd (2016a, 2016b)
Strategic orientation Continuous renewal and innovation in products and services are important for our business Our firm makes introduction of many new lines of products/services to response to the market Our firm tends to initiate actions in the market and industry to take opportunities Our firm is often first to introduce products/services and administrative techniques People in our firm are encouraged to take calculated risks with innovative ideas Our business emphasizes both exploration and exploitation of opportunities Our business objectives are driven primarily by customer satisfaction Our business strategies are driven by our beliefs about how we can create greater value for customers Our firm is more customers focused than our competitors Our firm understands how everyone in our business can contribute to creating customer value	Buli (2017); Covin and Lumpkin (2011); Covin and Slevin (1989)
Bricolage Our firm has confidence in our ability to find workable solutions to new challenges by using our existing resources Our firm gladly takes on a broader range of challenges than others with our resources would be able to Our firm uses any existing resource that seems useful in responding to a new problem or opportunity Our firm deals with new challenges by applying a combination of our existing resources and other resources inexpensively available to us When dealing with unfamiliar problems or opportunities, our firm acts by assuming that we will find a workable solution By combining our existing resources, our firm takes on a surprising variety of new challenges When our firm faces new challenges, our firm puts together workable solutions from our existing resources Our firm combines resources to accomplish new challenges that the resources were not originally intended to accomplish	Baker and Nelson (2005); Davidsson et al. (2017)
Financial and Non-financial performance How successful have you been in the past year in achieving the following aspects? Please indicate your achievement on the scale ranging from 1 “not achieved at all” to 5 “absolutely achieved.” Financial performance Sales growth Profit growth Increased market share Growth of return on capital Non-financial performance Employee satisfaction Supportive firm culture Employee loyalty Firm social contribution Environment friendly firm Social recognition	Wach et al. (2020); Wach et al. (2015)
Innovation ambidexterity How successful have you been in the past year in achieving the following aspects of innovation? Our firm accepts demands that go beyond existing products and services Our firm has experiment with new products and services in our local market Our firm frequently utilizes new opportunities in new markets Our firm regularly searches for and approaches new customers in new markets Our firm frequently refines the provision of existing products and services Our firm introduces improved, but existing products and services for our local market Our firm improves our provision’s efficiency of products and services Lowering the costs of internal processes is an important objective of our firm	Jansen et al. (2006)

Source(s): Own created table