Measurement of factors in the model
| Context | Factor | Code | Observed variable | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors influencing the intention to adopt green logistics | ||||
| Organization | Organizational support (OS) | OS 1 | 1. Our employees are always encouraged to learn green logistics knowledge by leaders | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) |
| OS 2 | 2. Our employees are provided with the necessary resources to implement green logistics practices | |||
| Quality of human resources (QHR) | QHR 1 | 1. It is easy for our employees to learn green logistics knowledge | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) | |
| QHR 2 | 2. Our employees possess the necessary skills to implement green logistics practices | |||
| Slack resources (SRs) | SR 1 | 1. Our company has the financial slack budget and technical resources to invest in green logistics implementation | Lee (2008), Henriques and Sadorsky (1999) | |
| SR 2 | 2. Our company has a sufficient number of skilled employees available for green logistics adoption | |||
| Technology | Relative advantage (RA) | RA 1 | 1. Green logistics adoption provides better environmental performance compared to existing practices | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) |
| RA 2 | 2. Green logistics adoption offers greater economic benefits than current solutions | |||
| RA 3 | 3. Implementing green logistics enhances our company’s reputation in the market | |||
| Compatibility (CPA) | CPA 1 | 1. It is easy to integrate green logistics technology with our existing systems without significant changes | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) | |
| CPA 2 | 2. Green logistics align with our company’s values, needs and strategic goals | |||
| Complexity (CPL) | CPL 1 | 1. It is difficult to learn green logistics knowledge | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) | |
| CPL 2 | 2. It is difficult to share the knowledge of green logistics | |||
| CPL 3 | 3. Using green logistics requires significant expertise and experience | |||
| Adoption cost (AC) | AC 1 | 1. Implementing green logistics requires a high initial investment | Hao et al. (2020), Lin et al. (2020) | |
| AC 2 | 2. Training our employees to use green logistics technologies needs significant costs | |||
| Environment | Government support (GS) | GS 1 | 1. Adopting green logistics can receive financial and technical support from the government | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) |
| GS 2 | 2. Green logistics adoption is encouraged by government regulations | |||
| Buyer's pressure (BP) | BP 1 | 1. Our company must enhance environmental performance to meet customer expectations | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) | |
| BP 2 | 2. Our customers want the company to adopt more sustainable and eco-friendly practices | |||
| Regulatory pressure (RP) | RP 1 | 1. Our company must follow the environmental regulations set by the government | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) | |
| RP 2 | 2. There are environmental requirements from industry associations that need to conform | |||
| Competitor pressure (CP) | CP 1 | 1. Our company faces pressure to adopt green logistics practices due to the successful implementation by competitors | Lin et al. (2020), Weng and Lin (2011) | |
| CP 2 | 2. To remain competitive, we are pressured to follow current green logistics trends | |||
| Social responsibility pressure (SRP) | SRP 1 | 1. Society expects our company to adopt environment-friendly practices in operations | Youngswaing et al. (2024), Hwang et al. (2016) | |
| SRP 1 | 2. Meeting social expectations for environmental responsibility is crucial for maintaining our company’s reputation and competitiveness | |||
| SRP 3 | 3. Our company must adopt green logistics due to increasing public awareness of environmental issues | |||
| Individual | CEO's innovativeness (CI) | CI 1 | 1. Our CEO is willing to implement green logistics innovations into practice, as long as they are necessary and feasible | Thong (1999), Laforet and Tann (2006) |
| CI 2 | 2. Our CEO proactively researches and explores new green logistics innovations | |||
| CEO’s green logistics knowledge (CGLK) | CGLK 1 | 1. Our CEO has profound expertise and experience in green logistics | Thong (1999), Yoon et al. (2020) | |
| CGLK 2 | 2. Our CEO proactively learns and deepens green logistics knowledge | |||
| Intention to adopt green logistics | ||||
| Dependent variable | The intention of green logistics adoption (GLA) | GLA 1 | 1. There is a likelihood that our company will adopt green logistics within the next one to three years | Lin et al. (2020) |
| GLA 2 | 2. Our company currently plans to implement green logistics practices | |||
| GLA 3 | 3. Our company strongly recommends employing green logistics to other businesses | |||
| Context | Factor | Code | Observed variable | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organization | Organizational support (OS) | OS 1 | 1. Our employees are always encouraged to learn green logistics knowledge by leaders | |
| OS 2 | 2. Our employees are provided with the necessary resources to implement green logistics practices | |||
| Quality of human resources (QHR) | QHR 1 | 1. It is easy for our employees to learn green logistics knowledge | ||
| QHR 2 | 2. Our employees possess the necessary skills to implement green logistics practices | |||
| Slack resources (SRs) | SR 1 | 1. Our company has the financial slack budget and technical resources to invest in green logistics implementation | ||
| SR 2 | 2. Our company has a sufficient number of skilled employees available for green logistics adoption | |||
| Technology | Relative advantage (RA) | RA 1 | 1. Green logistics adoption provides better environmental performance compared to existing practices | |
| RA 2 | 2. Green logistics adoption offers greater economic benefits than current solutions | |||
| RA 3 | 3. Implementing green logistics enhances our company’s reputation in the market | |||
| Compatibility (CPA) | CPA 1 | 1. It is easy to integrate green logistics technology with our existing systems without significant changes | ||
| CPA 2 | 2. Green logistics align with our company’s values, needs and strategic goals | |||
| Complexity (CPL) | CPL 1 | 1. It is difficult to learn green logistics knowledge | ||
| CPL 2 | 2. It is difficult to share the knowledge of green logistics | |||
| CPL 3 | 3. Using green logistics requires significant expertise and experience | |||
| Adoption cost (AC) | AC 1 | 1. Implementing green logistics requires a high initial investment | ||
| AC 2 | 2. Training our employees to use green logistics technologies needs significant costs | |||
| Environment | Government support (GS) | GS 1 | 1. Adopting green logistics can receive financial and technical support from the government | |
| GS 2 | 2. Green logistics adoption is encouraged by government regulations | |||
| Buyer's pressure (BP) | BP 1 | 1. Our company must enhance environmental performance to meet customer expectations | ||
| BP 2 | 2. Our customers want the company to adopt more sustainable and eco-friendly practices | |||
| Regulatory pressure (RP) | RP 1 | 1. Our company must follow the environmental regulations set by the government | ||
| RP 2 | 2. There are environmental requirements from industry associations that need to conform | |||
| Competitor pressure (CP) | CP 1 | 1. Our company faces pressure to adopt green logistics practices due to the successful implementation by competitors | ||
| CP 2 | 2. To remain competitive, we are pressured to follow current green logistics trends | |||
| Social responsibility pressure (SRP) | SRP 1 | 1. Society expects our company to adopt environment-friendly practices in operations | ||
| SRP 1 | 2. Meeting social expectations for environmental responsibility is crucial for maintaining our company’s reputation and competitiveness | |||
| SRP 3 | 3. Our company must adopt green logistics due to increasing public awareness of environmental issues | |||
| Individual | CEO's innovativeness (CI) | CI 1 | 1. Our CEO is willing to implement green logistics innovations into practice, as long as they are necessary and feasible | |
| CI 2 | 2. Our CEO proactively researches and explores new green logistics innovations | |||
| CEO’s green logistics knowledge (CGLK) | CGLK 1 | 1. Our CEO has profound expertise and experience in green logistics | ||
| CGLK 2 | 2. Our CEO proactively learns and deepens green logistics knowledge | |||
| Dependent variable | The intention of green logistics adoption (GLA) | GLA 1 | 1. There is a likelihood that our company will adopt green logistics within the next one to three years | |
| GLA 2 | 2. Our company currently plans to implement green logistics practices | |||
| GLA 3 | 3. Our company strongly recommends employing green logistics to other businesses | |||
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