The Salovey and Mayer (Brackett & Geher, 2006) approach to emotional intelligence:

1. Accurately perceive emotions in oneself and others and in one’s ambient context

2. Use emotions to facilitate thinking or that might inhibit clear thinking and task performance

3. Understand emotional meanings and how emotional reactions change over time and in response to other emotions

4. Effectively manage emotions in themselves and in others (“social management”).

Bar-On et al.’s five key components (1997):

1. Be aware of, to understand and to express our emotions and feelings nondestructively

2. Understand how others feel and to use this information to relate with them

3. Manage and control emotions so they work for us and not against us

4. Manage change, and to adapt and solve problems of a personal and interpersonal nature

5. Generate positive affect to be self-motivated

Goleman (1998) and CASEL’s (2005) five clusters of SEL, each of which is linked to a collection of skills:

1. Self-awareness

2. Social awareness

3. Self-management

4. Responsible decision making

5. Relationship management

CASEL’s Elaboration of Social and Emotional Learning/Emotional Intelligence Skills (Kress & Elias, 2006):

1. Self-Awareness

   • Recognizing and naming one’s emotions

   • Understanding the reasons and circumstances for feeling as one does

   • Recognizing and naming others’ emotions

   • Recognizing strengths in, and mobilizing positive feelings about, self, school, family, and support networks

   • Knowing one’s needs and values

   • Perceiving oneself accurately

   • Believing in personal efficacy

   • Having a sense of spirituality

2. Social Awareness

   • Appreciating diversity

   • Showing respect to others

   • Listening carefully and accurately

   • Increasing empathy and sensitivity to others’ feelings

   • Understanding others’ perspectives, points of view, and feelings

3. Self-Management and Organization

   • Verbalizing and coping with anxiety, anger, and depression

   • Controlling impulses, aggression, and self-destructive, antisocial behavior

   • Managing personal and interpersonal stress

   • Focusing on tasks at hand

   • Setting short- and long-term goals

   • Planning thoughtfully and thoroughly

   • Modifying performance in light of feedback

   • Mobilizing positive motivation

   • Activating hope and optimism

   • Working toward optimal performance states

4. Responsible Decision Making

   • Analyzing situations perceptively and identifying problems clearly

   • Exercising social decision making and problem-solving skills

   • Responding constructively and in a problem-solving manner to interpersonal obstacles

   • Engaging in self-evaluation and reflection

   • Conducting oneself with personal, moral, and ethical responsibility

5. Relationship Management

   • Managing emotions in relationships, harmonizing diverse feelings and viewpoints

   • Showing sensitivity to social-emotional cues

   • Expressing emotions effectively

   • Communicating clearly

   • Engaging others in social situations

   • Building relationships

   • Working cooperatively

   • Exercising assertiveness, leadership, and persuasion

   • Managing conflict, negotiation, refusal

   • Providing, seeking help