Table 1 Main barriers and enablers for... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Main barriers and enablers for S-I4.0 integration

Barriers (B)	Enablers (E)
B1 - Lack of technical expertise (i.e. lack of staff training of professionals–B1.1. and knowledge-sharing methodology and practices – B1.2)	E1 - Top management commitment + Strategic alignment (i.e. sustainable investments in information technology–E1.1 and strategic and decision effectiveness–E1.2)
B2 - Cybersecurity issues (i.e. inadequate processes for monitoring and control–B2.1 and weakness in cases of attacks and threats associated with the misuse of available information security technology – B2.2)	E2 - Employee's empowerment + Knowledge sharing + Effective communication (i.e. existence of practices/training for the development of attitudes (towards the importance of I4.0 and sustainability) – E2.1 and program for development of specific skills and specialists – E2.2)
B3 - Resistance to change, change management practices, and adoption of innovation (i.e. lack of stimulus to innovation as a way of development of the company's capacity–B3.1 and of effective management and/or governance and compliance system – B3.2)	E3 - Internal innovation process (i.e. transformational leadership organizational innovation–E3.1 and increase the adoption of digital manufacturing capabilities–E3.2)
B4 - Lack of investment in R&D (i.e. lack of financial conditions and/or organizational structure – B4.1 and of top management support – B4.2)	E4 - Data-centered solutions + Consistent data flow (i.e. consistent investments in centered and integrated information–E4.1 and data flow that ensures usability–E4.2)
B5 - Costs of upgrading and economic condition of operations and supply chain management (i.e. wrong procedures or low level of reuse and recovery of products – B5.1 and low level of prioritization in the selection and use of products, services, and companies with sustainable practices, throughout the supply chain–B5.2)	E5 - Interdisciplinary and holistic integration + Life cycle thinking and circular processes (i.e. strategic integration of the operations–E5.1 and use of dynamic monitoring systems – E5.2)
B6 - Lack of support from regulatory authorities, weak legislation (i.e. low level of regulatory authority involvement and synergy with the company–B6.1 and limited or obsolete legislation associated with recurrent innovations inherent to technological advancement -B6.2)	E6 - Customer and supplier integration (i.e. implement effective communication in supply chain–E6.1 and improve customer satisfaction–E6.2)
B7 - Lack of top management commitment (i.e. lack of encouragement for shared and collaborative management–B7.1 and of efficient communication, awareness campaigns–B7.2)	E7 - Governmental and institutional pressures (i.e. authorization/inspection and regulation of operations – E7.1 and management commitment and organizational structure to responsiveness of external pressures – E7.2)
B8 - Alternative resources and energy needs (i.e. lack of technical conditions or technological maturity for adequacy–B8.1 and of funds for investments in appropriate technologies–B8.2)	E8 - Valuation of R&D/research centers (i.e. actions/program for quality improvement and/or innovation in products/services in conjunction with R&D centers – E8.1 & technological exchange responsiveness – E8.2)

Barriers (B)	Enablers (E)
B1 - Lack of technical expertise (i.e. lack of staff training of professionals–B1.1. and knowledge-sharing methodology and practices – B1.2)	E1 - Top management commitment + Strategic alignment (i.e. sustainable investments in information technology–E1.1 and strategic and decision effectiveness–E1.2)
B2 - Cybersecurity issues (i.e. inadequate processes for monitoring and control–B2.1 and weakness in cases of attacks and threats associated with the misuse of available information security technology – B2.2)	E2 - Employee's empowerment + Knowledge sharing + Effective communication (i.e. existence of practices/training for the development of attitudes (towards the importance of I4.0 and sustainability) – E2.1 and program for development of specific skills and specialists – E2.2)
B3 - Resistance to change, change management practices, and adoption of innovation (i.e. lack of stimulus to innovation as a way of development of the company's capacity–B3.1 and of effective management and/or governance and compliance system – B3.2)	E3 - Internal innovation process (i.e. transformational leadership organizational innovation–E3.1 and increase the adoption of digital manufacturing capabilities–E3.2)
B4 - Lack of investment in R&D (i.e. lack of financial conditions and/or organizational structure – B4.1 and of top management support – B4.2)	E4 - Data-centered solutions + Consistent data flow (i.e. consistent investments in centered and integrated information–E4.1 and data flow that ensures usability–E4.2)
B5 - Costs of upgrading and economic condition of operations and supply chain management (i.e. wrong procedures or low level of reuse and recovery of products – B5.1 and low level of prioritization in the selection and use of products, services, and companies with sustainable practices, throughout the supply chain–B5.2)	E5 - Interdisciplinary and holistic integration + Life cycle thinking and circular processes (i.e. strategic integration of the operations–E5.1 and use of dynamic monitoring systems – E5.2)
B6 - Lack of support from regulatory authorities, weak legislation (i.e. low level of regulatory authority involvement and synergy with the company–B6.1 and limited or obsolete legislation associated with recurrent innovations inherent to technological advancement -B6.2)	E6 - Customer and supplier integration (i.e. implement effective communication in supply chain–E6.1 and improve customer satisfaction–E6.2)
B7 - Lack of top management commitment (i.e. lack of encouragement for shared and collaborative management–B7.1 and of efficient communication, awareness campaigns–B7.2)	E7 - Governmental and institutional pressures (i.e. authorization/inspection and regulation of operations – E7.1 and management commitment and organizational structure to responsiveness of external pressures – E7.2)
B8 - Alternative resources and energy needs (i.e. lack of technical conditions or technological maturity for adequacy–B8.1 and of funds for investments in appropriate technologies–B8.2)	E8 - Valuation of R&D/research centers (i.e. actions/program for quality improvement and/or innovation in products/services in conjunction with R&D centers – E8.1 & technological exchange responsiveness – E8.2)

Source(s): Adapted from Machado et al. (2021, 2024)