Table 1.

Data sources

IdRole/positionMethod
AMunicipal business development office; BDO (two employees), and a municipal development officer, (one employee)Group interviews
A2023-12-05
A2023-12-19
AA2023-12-05
BMunicipal manager in economic development (role change during research period)Interviews
B2024-08-26
B2025-09-09
CMunicipal development officer, role change during research periodInterviews, mail correspondence
C2025-10-23
C2025-11-10
C2024-08-27
C2024-08-27
DMunicipal project managers (two employees) and a municipal GIS-engineer, (one employee)Interviews
D2023-10-10Observations
D2025-09-09
EMunicipal BDO officer (two employees)Interviews
E2025-05-13Observations
EM2023-11-07Mail correspondence
E2024-12-13
FDepartment head (municipal administration)Interview
F2025-05-08
GSenior municipal communications officerInterviews
G2025-03-20
G2024-10-29
HOffice managerInterview
H2025-09-02
ISenior municipal leaderInterview
I2024-03-26
JSenior municipal managers across planning, geospatial services, streets and parking, environmental services, building permits and operational support (six employees)Workshop dialogues
J
J2025-09-24
KEntrepreneur (digital innovation collaboration), (one consultant)Interview
K2025-06-17Collaboration in a digital project with researchers
LEntrepreneur (digital innovation collaboration), (1 consultant)Interview
L2023-12-19Collaboration in a digital project with researchers
MBusiness development manager (one consultant)Interview
M2024-09-18Collaboration in a digital project with researchers
NMunicipal digital developer (one employee), GIS engineer (one employee), Elected officials (two politicians)Interviews (case study) workshop collaboration
N2025-08-19 – N2025-11-25Mail correspondence
NJ2024-10-30
NP2024-10-30
OSenior manager, external place management organization (one consultant)Interviews
O2025-09-09Mail correspondence
O2025-03-20
PExternal consultant (municipal advisory experience) (one consultant)Workshop dialogue
P2025-09-11
QMunicipal digital developer (one employee); BDO (one employee)Workshop dialogue
Q2025-11-06
QA2025-11-06
Q2025-10-12
REvent coordinator private actor (one consultant), BDO (one employee)Meeting regarding virtual reality films and popular culture
R:2025-11-06Mail correspondence
SMunicipal development officer (one employee); business developer and technology provider (one consultant)Meeting external supplier
S:2024-04-10
TEmployee from the place management organization (one consultant); BDO (two employees); municipal development officer (one employee); experts involved in the design and maintenance of city center performance index (two consultants); elected officials (one politician)Condensed case
T2023-10-10Several sessions/meetings
T2024-01-24Field notes A
T2024-02-08
T2024-11-03
USessions: 1. A presentation of 2023 year’s composite city center performance index, open invitation. 2. Index sessions. 3. Cross-unit translation sessions. 4. Governance/mandate negotiation sessionsCondensed case
U2023-11-24Attendees session 1: Participants from the local business community, including property owners, shop owners, restaurant owners and other commercial actorsSeveral sessions/meetings
U2024-02–13Attendees sessions 2–4: Municipal senior managers, Department of Culture and Leisure (two employees); Municipal manager from the leisure office (one employee); Communications officer at the municipal department (one employee); Manager from the Place Management Organization (one employee); BDO (three employees); Municipal GIS engineer (one employee); senior municipal communications officer (one employee); municipal digital officer (three employees); senior municipal leader (one employee); elected officials (two politicians)Interviews
U2024-04-023DObservations
U2024-09-10SMail correspondences
U2024-11-04VField notes B
U2025-02-25
UJB2024-10-18
VMunicipal BDO officers, (four employees); senior manager, place management organization (one consultant); municipal development officer (one employee); consultants for visitor counting (two consultants); a municipal project leader (one employee); senior manager of the DMO (one consultant); entrepreneurs (digital innovation collaboration) (two consultants); business development manager (one consultant)Condensed case
V2023-12-19Several sessions/meetings
V2024–04-02Interviews
V2024-09-03Observations
V2025-04-16Mail correspondences
Field notes C

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