Table 3.

Descriptive statistics (2006–2022, n = 3,404)

VariablesMeanSDp25Medianp75
Panel A: Independent variables
LDON1.0413.2470.0000.0000.000
DOND0.0940.2920.0000.0000.000
Panel B: Dependent variables
CA_HO0.1390.1610.0360.0780.179
CA_BA0.1280.1520.0320.0710.164
LEV0.2150.1660.0750.2130.317
MLEV0.1710.1560.0360.1450.259
STD0.0360.0680.0000.0120.044
LTD0.1790.1550.0370.1730.275
INVEFF−0.0490.061−0.059−0.028−0.014
OV_INV0.0700.0820.0160.0410.090
UN_INV−0.0280.021−0.038−0.023−0.012
Panel C: Control variables
DUAL0.0530.2250.0000.0000.000
BIGN0.8920.3101.0001.0001.000
BOD8.1442.3836.0008.0009.000
DIVD0.7810.4141.0001.0001.000
MTB6.99756.5851.3912.3434.264
FEMALE0.1440.1320.0000.1250.250
BIND0.5350.1910.4000.5710.677
AGE2.5130.9991.9462.6393.178
SIZE21.4111.22220.50721.20622.151
NDTS−0.0300.051−0.040−0.024−0.011
LIQIUD2.9196.5001.0911.5632.456
RISK0.0400.0600.0110.0270.040
CAFLR0.0960.1210.0470.0900.143
ROA0.0660.0990.0370.0690.108
Note(s):

Please refer to Table 2 for the operational definitions

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