Descriptive statistics (2006–2022, n = 3,404)
| Variables | Mean | SD | p25 | Median | p75 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: Independent variables | |||||
| LDON | 1.041 | 3.247 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| DOND | 0.094 | 0.292 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Panel B: Dependent variables | |||||
| CA_HO | 0.139 | 0.161 | 0.036 | 0.078 | 0.179 |
| CA_BA | 0.128 | 0.152 | 0.032 | 0.071 | 0.164 |
| LEV | 0.215 | 0.166 | 0.075 | 0.213 | 0.317 |
| MLEV | 0.171 | 0.156 | 0.036 | 0.145 | 0.259 |
| STD | 0.036 | 0.068 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.044 |
| LTD | 0.179 | 0.155 | 0.037 | 0.173 | 0.275 |
| INVEFF | −0.049 | 0.061 | −0.059 | −0.028 | −0.014 |
| OV_INV | 0.070 | 0.082 | 0.016 | 0.041 | 0.090 |
| UN_INV | −0.028 | 0.021 | −0.038 | −0.023 | −0.012 |
| Panel C: Control variables | |||||
| DUAL | 0.053 | 0.225 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| BIGN | 0.892 | 0.310 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| BOD | 8.144 | 2.383 | 6.000 | 8.000 | 9.000 |
| DIVD | 0.781 | 0.414 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| MTB | 6.997 | 56.585 | 1.391 | 2.343 | 4.264 |
| FEMALE | 0.144 | 0.132 | 0.000 | 0.125 | 0.250 |
| BIND | 0.535 | 0.191 | 0.400 | 0.571 | 0.677 |
| AGE | 2.513 | 0.999 | 1.946 | 2.639 | 3.178 |
| SIZE | 21.411 | 1.222 | 20.507 | 21.206 | 22.151 |
| NDTS | −0.030 | 0.051 | −0.040 | −0.024 | −0.011 |
| LIQIUD | 2.919 | 6.500 | 1.091 | 1.563 | 2.456 |
| RISK | 0.040 | 0.060 | 0.011 | 0.027 | 0.040 |
| CAFLR | 0.096 | 0.121 | 0.047 | 0.090 | 0.143 |
| ROA | 0.066 | 0.099 | 0.037 | 0.069 | 0.108 |
| Variables | Mean | p25 | Median | p75 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.041 | 3.247 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| 0.094 | 0.292 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| 0.139 | 0.161 | 0.036 | 0.078 | 0.179 | |
| 0.128 | 0.152 | 0.032 | 0.071 | 0.164 | |
| 0.215 | 0.166 | 0.075 | 0.213 | 0.317 | |
| 0.171 | 0.156 | 0.036 | 0.145 | 0.259 | |
| 0.036 | 0.068 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 0.044 | |
| 0.179 | 0.155 | 0.037 | 0.173 | 0.275 | |
| −0.049 | 0.061 | −0.059 | −0.028 | −0.014 | |
| 0.070 | 0.082 | 0.016 | 0.041 | 0.090 | |
| −0.028 | 0.021 | −0.038 | −0.023 | −0.012 | |
| 0.053 | 0.225 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
| 0.892 | 0.310 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| 8.144 | 2.383 | 6.000 | 8.000 | 9.000 | |
| 0.781 | 0.414 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |
| 6.997 | 56.585 | 1.391 | 2.343 | 4.264 | |
| 0.144 | 0.132 | 0.000 | 0.125 | 0.250 | |
| 0.535 | 0.191 | 0.400 | 0.571 | 0.677 | |
| 2.513 | 0.999 | 1.946 | 2.639 | 3.178 | |
| 21.411 | 1.222 | 20.507 | 21.206 | 22.151 | |
| −0.030 | 0.051 | −0.040 | −0.024 | −0.011 | |
| 2.919 | 6.500 | 1.091 | 1.563 | 2.456 | |
| 0.040 | 0.060 | 0.011 | 0.027 | 0.040 | |
| 0.096 | 0.121 | 0.047 | 0.090 | 0.143 | |
| 0.066 | 0.099 | 0.037 | 0.069 | 0.108 | |
Please refer to Table 2 for the operational definitions