Channel analysis and use of alternative dependent variables
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | ESGC | ESGCn+1 | Centred ESGC |
| PRisk | 0.9585** | 0.6590** | 0.9809*** |
| (2.3417) | (1.9866) | (3.1289) | |
| Prisk*CEO compensation | −0.9022* | ||
| (−1.7112) | |||
| CEO_compensation | 1.2016 | ||
| (1.5862) | |||
| Constant | −31.0389*** | −134.8858*** | −112.6903*** |
| (−2.6691) | (−8.7829) | (−8.5415) | |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year effects | No | Yes | Yes |
| Country effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Industry effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 12,361 | 10,960 | 12,517 |
| Adj R2 | 0.4 | 0.247 | 0.236 |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Centred | ||
| PRisk | 0.9585 | 0.6590 | 0.9809 |
| (2.3417) | (1.9866) | (3.1289) | |
| Prisk | −0.9022 | ||
| (−1.7112) | |||
| CEO_compensation | 1.2016 | ||
| (1.5862) | |||
| Constant | −31.0389 | −134.8858 | −112.6903 |
| (−2.6691) | (−8.7829) | (−8.5415) | |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year effects | No | Yes | Yes |
| Country effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Industry effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 12,361 | 10,960 | 12,517 |
| Adj | 0.4 | 0.247 | 0.236 |
This table reports the channel analysis and additional analyses of the main regression results. Column (1) describes the role of ESG-linked CEO compensation as a channel to the relationship in the baseline model. Columns (2) and (3) demonstrate the use of alternative measures to the dependent variable: use of mean adjusted ESG controversy score [column (1)] and use of (n + 1) of the ESG controversy score [column (2)]. Coefficients with ***, ** and *are significant at the 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 levels, respectively. Robust t-statistics in parentheses
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