Table 5.

Channel analysis and use of alternative dependent variables

 (1)(2)(3)
VariableESGCESGCn+1Centred ESGC
PRisk0.9585**0.6590**0.9809***
(2.3417)(1.9866)(3.1289)
Prisk*CEO compensation−0.9022* 
(−1.7112)
CEO_compensation1.2016 
(1.5862)
Constant−31.0389***−134.8858***−112.6903***
(−2.6691)(−8.7829)(−8.5415)
ControlsYesYesYes
Year effectsNoYesYes
Country effectsYesYesYes
Industry effectsYesYesYes
Observations12,36110,96012,517
Adj R20.40.2470.236
Note(s):

This table reports the channel analysis and additional analyses of the main regression results. Column (1) describes the role of ESG-linked CEO compensation as a channel to the relationship in the baseline model. Columns (2) and (3) demonstrate the use of alternative measures to the dependent variable: use of mean adjusted ESG controversy score [column (1)] and use of (n + 1) of the ESG controversy score [column (2)]. Coefficients with ***, ** and *are significant at the 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 levels, respectively. Robust t-statistics in parentheses

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