Table 4. Chi-squared results for audit...

Table 4.

Chi-squared results for audit firms

	Pearson’s Chi-Squared test
Audit Firm Years: 2017–2022	X²	Degrees of freedom (df)	p-value
Firm analysis overall
Audit firm years	1215	312	< 0.001**
Audit firms (when years are pooled) profiles compared to each other (see Figure 1)	104	60	< 0.001**
Individual firm analysis
Big 4A	40.2	30	0.1
Big 4B	43.2	30	0.056
Big 4C	49.8	30	0.013
Big 4D	36.6	30	0.19
Non Big 4A	85.8	30	< 0.001**
Non Big 4B	24.4	10	0.007**
Non Big 4C	6.53	5	0.258
Non Big 4E	139	30	< 0.001**
Non Big 4F	0.731	6	0.994
Non Big 4G	46.7	25	0.005**

	Pearson’s Chi-Squared test
Audit Firm Years: 2017–2022	X²	Degrees of freedom (df)	p-value
Firm analysis overall
Audit firm years	1215	312	< 0.001**
Audit firms (when years are pooled) profiles compared to each other (see Figure 1)	104	60	< 0.001**
Individual firm analysis
Big 4A	40.2	30	0.1
Big 4B	43.2	30	0.056
Big 4C	49.8	30	0.013
Big 4D	36.6	30	0.19
Non Big 4A	85.8	30	< 0.001**
Non Big 4B	24.4	10	0.007**
Non Big 4C	6.53	5	0.258
Non Big 4E	139	30	< 0.001**
Non Big 4F	0.731	6	0.994
Non Big 4G	46.7	25	0.005**

Note(s):

**Statistically significant at p < 0.01 level. Firm Non Big 4D was not included in the individual firm analysis because there was only one observation (firm-year) for that audit firm in the sample

Source(s): Authors’ own work

[ViewLarge]