Table 3 Evidence-to-construct mapping (... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Evidence-to-construct mapping (Table 1 factors against empirical evidence)

TOE sub-factor (from Table 1)	Empirical status	Citizen-facing AI	Internal administrative AI
Relative advantage	Corroborated; category-specific	Capacity reallocation (≈60% automated enquiries)	Amplification of expert judgement (€898.7 M detected, 82% hit rate)
Compatibility	Corroborated; tighter for internal	Moderate (interfaces decoupled)	High (on-premise legacy; 150-yr data)
Complexity	Partially observed; resurfaces as explainability	Low observed	Explainability burden (15% residual, human-in-the-loop)
Top-management support	Corroborated	Directive No. 8/2024 assigns deliverables	Directive No. 8/2024 assigns deliverables
Culture/absorptive capacity	Corroborated and refined	IT–policy integration	IT–policy integration
Resources	Corroborated	Human-capital scarcity → reallocation	Data resources (150-yr DB)
Structure	Corroborated with qualification	Centralised propagation of Directive	Centralised propagation of Directive
Regulatory framework	Corroborated	Stronger explainability salience (GDPR)	Stronger (EU AI Act high-risk for rights)
Stakeholder pressures	Corroborated and differentiated	Citizen trust/legitimacy dominant	Trade-union/employee-council dominant
External support	Partially corroborated	Secondary to constitutional perimeter	Secondary to constitutional perimeter
Demographic/fiscal pressures	Corroborated and refined	Aggregate driver	Aggregate driver

TOE sub-factor (from Table 1)	Empirical status	Citizen-facing AI	Internal administrative AI
Relative advantage	Corroborated; category-specific	Capacity reallocation (≈60% automated enquiries)	Amplification of expert judgement (€898.7 M detected, 82% hit rate)
Compatibility	Corroborated; tighter for internal	Moderate (interfaces decoupled)	High (on-premise legacy; 150-yr data)
Complexity	Partially observed; resurfaces as explainability	Low observed	Explainability burden (15% residual, human-in-the-loop)
Top-management support	Corroborated	Directive No. 8/2024 assigns deliverables	Directive No. 8/2024 assigns deliverables
Culture/absorptive capacity	Corroborated and refined	IT–policy integration	IT–policy integration
Resources	Corroborated	Human-capital scarcity → reallocation	Data resources (150-yr DB)
Structure	Corroborated with qualification	Centralised propagation of Directive	Centralised propagation of Directive
Regulatory framework	Corroborated	Stronger explainability salience (GDPR)	Stronger (EU AI Act high-risk for rights)
Stakeholder pressures	Corroborated and differentiated	Citizen trust/legitimacy dominant	Trade-union/employee-council dominant
External support	Partially corroborated	Secondary to constitutional perimeter	Secondary to constitutional perimeter
Demographic/fiscal pressures	Corroborated and refined	Aggregate driver	Aggregate driver

Note(s): DB: Database