Table 3 Factor loadings, reliability,...

Table 3

Factor loadings, reliability, and variance explained (N = 118)

Factors	Item	Factor loadings	Cronbach's α	Variance explained, %
Factor 1: Data protection distrust	I am concerned that my personal and academic data might be disclosed to third parties without my consent. (V1)	0.665	0.797	12.580
Factor 1: Data protection distrust	I fear that stored and processed data could be altered or manipulated without authorization. (V2)	0.999	0.797	12.580
Factor 2: Functional distrust	I doubt that the suggestions or recommendations it provides are suitable for learning. (V6)	0.685	0.754	21.881
	I am concerned that the technology will not be able to effectively improve specific skills or competencies as promised. (V7)	0.642
	I am uncertain about how continuous innovations align with personalized educational needs and preferences. (V9)	0.838
Factor 3: Distrust of AI replacing humans	An AI tool can never compete with the experience of a specialized trainer in entrepreneurship. (V10)	0.723	0.758	23.885
	With long-term experience, a trainer can teach more than an AI can. (V11)	0.683
	Trainers have a better understanding of what happens in the entrepreneurial process than AI can have. (V12)	0.741
Total variance explained (%)				58.347

Factors	Item	Factor loadings	Cronbach's α	Variance explained, %
Factor 1: Data protection distrust	I am concerned that my personal and academic data might be disclosed to third parties without my consent. (V1)	0.665	0.797	12.580
Factor 1: Data protection distrust	I fear that stored and processed data could be altered or manipulated without authorization. (V2)	0.999	0.797	12.580
Factor 2: Functional distrust	I doubt that the suggestions or recommendations it provides are suitable for learning. (V6)	0.685	0.754	21.881
	I am concerned that the technology will not be able to effectively improve specific skills or competencies as promised. (V7)	0.642
	I am uncertain about how continuous innovations align with personalized educational needs and preferences. (V9)	0.838
Factor 3: Distrust of AI replacing humans	An AI tool can never compete with the experience of a specialized trainer in entrepreneurship. (V10)	0.723	0.758	23.885
	With long-term experience, a trainer can teach more than an AI can. (V11)	0.683
	Trainers have a better understanding of what happens in the entrepreneurial process than AI can have. (V12)	0.741
Total variance explained (%)				58.347

Note(s): Extraction method: Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis (MLFA)

Promax rotation with Kaiser normalization (κ = 4)

Model fit indices: χ²(7) = 21.691, p = 0.003 RMSEA: 0.134

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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