Key scales and models measuring trust and AI adoption in education and other sectors
| Study | Scale name/Model | Sector | Key factors/Constructs | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmad et al. (2023) | N/A (Exploratory) | Education | Perceived laziness, moral risk, human agency | Human concern and resistance to AI |
| Ayanwale and Molefi (2024) | Extended DOI-Based Scale | Education | Relative advantage, compatibility, trialability, trust, usefulness, ease of use | Behavioural intention to adopt AI |
| Borsci et al. (2023) | Chatbot Usability Scale (BUS-15) | Tech/UX | Conversational efficiency, accessibility, chatbot functionality | Usability satisfaction |
| Chi et al. (2021) | Social Service Robot Interaction Trust (SSRIT) | Service Industry | AI-human interaction quality, robot trust dimensions | Trust in AI service robots |
| Gerlich (2024) | N/A (Attitudinal survey) | General/Public | Impartiality, accuracy, media distrust, human scepticism | Trust orientation: AI vs. humans |
| Kang et al. (2023) | AI-Assisted Medical Consultation Attitudes Scale | Healthcare | Health literacy, digital literacy, distrust, efficiency | Attitudes toward AI-assisted consultations |
| Kumar and Chand (2024) | Usability Evaluation Questionnaire (UEQ) | Mobile Learning Apps | Content organization, control layout, customization, feedback, navigation etc | Usability of mobile learning applications |
| Pelau et al. (2021) | CASA-based Acceptance and Trust Scale | Service Industry | Anthropomorphism, empathy, interaction quality | AI device acceptance and trust |
| Schepman and Rodway (2023) | General Attitudes Towards AI Scale (GAAIS) | General/Public | Personality traits, corporate distrust, positive/negative attitude dimensions | Attitude toward AI |
| Stevens and Stetson (2023) | TrAAIT (Trust and Acceptance of AI in Technology) | Healthcare | Information credibility, perceived value, reliability | Clinician trust and acceptance |
| Sudan et al. (2024) | ChatGPT Adoption Model (UTAUT2 + Perceived Benefits) | Education | Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, habit, hedonic motivation, perceived benefits | Behavioural intention to use ChatGPT |
| Tiwari et al. (2024) | ChatGPT Adoption Model (TAM-based) | Education | Usefulness, ease of use, credibility, social presence, hedonic motivation | Intention to use ChatGPT for education |
| Study | Scale name/Model | Sector | Key factors/Constructs | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/A (Exploratory) | Education | Perceived laziness, moral risk, human agency | Human concern and resistance to AI | |
| Extended DOI-Based Scale | Education | Relative advantage, compatibility, trialability, trust, usefulness, ease of use | Behavioural intention to adopt AI | |
| Chatbot Usability Scale (BUS-15) | Tech/UX | Conversational efficiency, accessibility, chatbot functionality | Usability satisfaction | |
| Social Service Robot Interaction Trust (SSRIT) | Service Industry | AI-human interaction quality, robot trust dimensions | Trust in AI service robots | |
| N/A (Attitudinal survey) | General/Public | Impartiality, accuracy, media distrust, human scepticism | Trust orientation: AI vs. humans | |
| AI-Assisted Medical Consultation Attitudes Scale | Healthcare | Health literacy, digital literacy, distrust, efficiency | Attitudes toward AI-assisted consultations | |
| Usability Evaluation Questionnaire (UEQ) | Mobile Learning Apps | Content organization, control layout, customization, feedback, navigation etc | Usability of mobile learning applications | |
| CASA-based Acceptance and Trust Scale | Service Industry | Anthropomorphism, empathy, interaction quality | AI device acceptance and trust | |
| General Attitudes Towards AI Scale (GAAIS) | General/Public | Personality traits, corporate distrust, positive/negative attitude dimensions | Attitude toward AI | |
| TrAAIT (Trust and Acceptance of AI in Technology) | Healthcare | Information credibility, perceived value, reliability | Clinician trust and acceptance | |
| ChatGPT Adoption Model (UTAUT2 + Perceived Benefits) | Education | Performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, habit, hedonic motivation, perceived benefits | Behavioural intention to use ChatGPT | |
| ChatGPT Adoption Model (TAM-based) | Education | Usefulness, ease of use, credibility, social presence, hedonic motivation | Intention to use ChatGPT for education |
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