Means and Standard Deviations of Advocacy and Neutrality Groups’ Pretest and Posttest Variables, Along With Interaction and Within-Subject Effects
| Variable | Group | Pretest Mean(and SD) | Posttest Mean(and SD) | Group x Variable Interaction Effect | Within-Subjects Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| More defensible ethical theories | Neutrality | 3.60 (.42) | 3.70 (.46) | F (1, 208) = .11 | F (1, 208) = 4.10*(partial η2=.01) |
| Advocacy | 3.57 (.39) | 3.67 (.40) | |||
| Across groups | 3.58 (.41); | 3.68 (.42) | |||
| Less defensible ethical theories | Neutrality | 2.83 (.59) | 2.66 (.66) | F (1, 208)= 2.75† (partial η2=.01) | F (1, 208) = 6.29*(partial η2=.03) |
| Advocacy | 2.90 (.48) | 2.67 (.56) | |||
| Across groups | 2.87 (.53) | 2.66 (.61) | |||
| Courage | Neutrality | 3.37 (.56) | 3.31 (.59) | F (1, 208) = 10.14**(partial η2=.05) | F (1, 208) = .56 |
| Advocacy | 3.22 (.64) | 3.36 (.56) | |||
| Across groups | 3.29 (.60) | 3.34 (.57) | |||
| Kindness | Neutrality | 3.79 (.47) | 3.72 (.49) | F (1, 209) = 4.36*(partial η2=.02) | F (1, 209) = 1.16 |
| Advocacy | 3.77 (.44) | 3.78 (.47) | |||
| Across groups | 3.78 (.45) | 3.76 (.48) | |||
| Honesty | Neutrality | 3.59 (.47) | 3.58 (.51) | F (1, 207) = .66 | F (1, 207) = 2.41 |
| Advocacy | 3.46 (.61) | 3.50 (.52) | |||
| Across groups | 3.52 (.55) | 3.54 (.51) | |||
| Good Temper | Neutrality | 3.26 (.72) | 3.18 (.68) | F (1, 209) = 7.19**(partial η2=.03) | F (1, 209) = .76 |
| Advocacy | 3.33 (.69) | 3.39 (.69) | |||
| Across groups | 3.30 (.70) | 3.30 (.69) | |||
| Patience | Neutrality | 2.87 (.82) | 2.83 (.87) | F (1, 212) = 3.13† (partial η2=.02) | F (1, 212) = 1.48 |
| Advocacy | 2.90 (.75) | 3.00 (.76) | |||
| Across groups | 2.89 (.78) | 2.92 (.81) | |||
| Perseverance | Neutrality | 4.20 (.58) | 4.20 (.62) | F (1, 213) = .74 | F (1, 213) = .14 |
| Advocacy | 4.21 (.62) | 4.29 (.59) | |||
| Across groups | 4.20 (.60) | 4.25 (.61) | |||
| Lack of envy | Neutrality | 3.45 (.65) | 3.45 (.65) | F (1, 211) = .36 | F (1, 211) = 2.29 |
| Advocacy | 3.52 (.61) | 3.57 (.57) | |||
| Across groups | 3.49 (.63) | 3.52 (.61) | |||
| Moral self-concept> | Neutrality | 17.64 (9.03) | 20.18 (8.01) | F (1, 205) = .45 | F (1, 205) = .86 |
| Advocacy | 18.21 (8.66) | 20.70 (8.08) | |||
| Across groups | 17.95 (8.81) | 20.60 (8.03) | |||
| Ethical behaviors | Neutrality | 2.69 (.64) | 2.53 (.63) | F (1, 202) = 3.12† (partial η2=.02) | F (1, 202) = .40 |
| Advocacy | 2.45 (.55) | 2.44 (.53) | |||
| Across groups | 2.56 (.60) | 2.48 (.58) | |||
| Unethical behaviors | Neutrality | 1.86 (.55) | 1.79 (.50) | F (1, 201) = .38 | F (1, 201) = 3.03† (partial η2=.02) |
| Advocacy | 1.80 (.47) | 1.76 (.44) | |||
| Across groups | 1.83 (.50) | 1.78 (.47) |
| Variable | Group | Pretest Mean(and SD) | Posttest Mean(and SD) | Group x Variable Interaction Effect | Within-Subjects Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| More defensible ethical theories | Neutrality | 3.60 (.42) | 3.70 (.46) | F (1, 208) = .11 | F (1, 208) = 4.10 |
| Advocacy | 3.57 (.39) | 3.67 (.40) | |||
| Across groups | 3.58 (.41); | 3.68 (.42) | |||
| Less defensible ethical theories | Neutrality | 2.83 (.59) | 2.66 (.66) | F (1, 208)= 2.75 | F (1, 208) = 6.29 |
| Advocacy | 2.90 (.48) | 2.67 (.56) | |||
| Across groups | 2.87 (.53) | 2.66 (.61) | |||
| Courage | Neutrality | 3.37 (.56) | 3.31 (.59) | F (1, 208) = 10.14 | F (1, 208) = .56 |
| Advocacy | 3.22 (.64) | 3.36 (.56) | |||
| Across groups | 3.29 (.60) | 3.34 (.57) | |||
| Kindness | Neutrality | 3.79 (.47) | 3.72 (.49) | F (1, 209) = 4.36 | F (1, 209) = 1.16 |
| Advocacy | 3.77 (.44) | 3.78 (.47) | |||
| Across groups | 3.78 (.45) | 3.76 (.48) | |||
| Honesty | Neutrality | 3.59 (.47) | 3.58 (.51) | F (1, 207) = .66 | F (1, 207) = 2.41 |
| Advocacy | 3.46 (.61) | 3.50 (.52) | |||
| Across groups | 3.52 (.55) | 3.54 (.51) | |||
| Good Temper | Neutrality | 3.26 (.72) | 3.18 (.68) | F (1, 209) = 7.19 | F (1, 209) = .76 |
| Advocacy | 3.33 (.69) | 3.39 (.69) | |||
| Across groups | 3.30 (.70) | 3.30 (.69) | |||
| Patience | Neutrality | 2.87 (.82) | 2.83 (.87) | F (1, 212) = 3.13 | F (1, 212) = 1.48 |
| Advocacy | 2.90 (.75) | 3.00 (.76) | |||
| Across groups | 2.89 (.78) | 2.92 (.81) | |||
| Perseverance | Neutrality | 4.20 (.58) | 4.20 (.62) | F (1, 213) = .74 | F (1, 213) = .14 |
| Advocacy | 4.21 (.62) | 4.29 (.59) | |||
| Across groups | 4.20 (.60) | 4.25 (.61) | |||
| Lack of envy | Neutrality | 3.45 (.65) | 3.45 (.65) | F (1, 211) = .36 | F (1, 211) = 2.29 |
| Advocacy | 3.52 (.61) | 3.57 (.57) | |||
| Across groups | 3.49 (.63) | 3.52 (.61) | |||
| Moral self-concept> | Neutrality | 17.64 (9.03) | 20.18 (8.01) | F (1, 205) = .45 | F (1, 205) = .86 |
| Advocacy | 18.21 (8.66) | 20.70 (8.08) | |||
| Across groups | 17.95 (8.81) | 20.60 (8.03) | |||
| Ethical behaviors | Neutrality | 2.69 (.64) | 2.53 (.63) | F (1, 202) = 3.12 | F (1, 202) = .40 |
| Advocacy | 2.45 (.55) | 2.44 (.53) | |||
| Across groups | 2.56 (.60) | 2.48 (.58) | |||
| Unethical behaviors | Neutrality | 1.86 (.55) | 1.79 (.50) | F (1, 201) = .38 | F (1, 201) = 3.03 |
| Advocacy | 1.80 (.47) | 1.76 (.44) | |||
| Across groups | 1.83 (.50) | 1.78 (.47) |
Note: The “Group x Variable interaction effect” was the focus of our first research question. Our second research question centered on the “Within-subjects effect.” †p <.10. *p<.05. **p<.01. ***p <.001.
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