Table 1. Summary of barriers to... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Summary of barriers to emergency response infrastructure

S/No.	Main barriers	Sub-barriers	Source
1	Resource constraints and infrastructure issues	Inadequate funding	Pelling (2012), Kalogiannidis et al. (2022), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Myeong et al. (2020), Bello et al. (2021), Binkley and Kemp (2022)
		Limited resources	Kalogiannidis et al. (2022), Pelling (2012), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Myeong et al. (2020), Bello et al. (2021), Binkley and Kemp (2022)
		Inadequate infrastructure	Deen (2015), Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Myeong et al. (2020), Bello et al. (2021),Binkley and Kemp (2022), Travassos et al. (2021), Perera et al. (2020)
		Inadequate institution/organisation	Wamsler et al. (2020)
2	Technological and information disparities	Technological disparities	Damaševičius et al. (2023),Gilmore and DuRant (2021), Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Travassos et al. (2021), Perera et al. (2020)
3		Lack of knowledge or capacity	Wamsler et al. (2020), Ajibade (2022), Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Anguelovski et al. (2014), (Perera et al., 2020)
3		Lack of capacity building	Wamsler et al. (2020)
4	Coordination and governance challenges	Coordination issues among stakeholders	Wamsler et al. (2020)
		Ineffective building by-laws	Abdul and Yu (2020), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Bello et al. (2021)
		Policy/legal issues	Wamsler et al. (2020)
5	Social, cultural and religious considerations	Lack of consideration of social, cultural and religious norms and practices in emergency response infrastructure	Wamsler et al. (2020)
6	Urbanisation and population dynamics	Rapid urbanisation and population growth	Wamsler et al. (2020), Abdul and Yu (2020), Ajibade (2022), Pelling (2012), Rezvani et al. (2023), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023)
7	Vulnerability and risk factors	Vulnerability to natural hazards	Deen (2015), Gilmore and DuRant (2021), Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Bello et al. (2021), Binkley and Kemp (2022)
7	Vulnerability and risk factors	Socio-political barriers	Deen (2015), Pelling (2012), Rezvani et al. (2023), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Travassos et al. (2021), Myeong et al. (2020), Perera et al. (2020), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Bello et al. (2021), Binkley and Kemp (2022)
8	Community engagement and participation	Lack of community engagement	Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Perera et al. (2020)

S/No.	Main barriers	Sub-barriers	Source
1	Resource constraints and infrastructure issues	Inadequate funding	Pelling (2012), Kalogiannidis et al. (2022), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Myeong et al. (2020), Bello et al. (2021), Binkley and Kemp (2022)
		Limited resources	Kalogiannidis et al. (2022), Pelling (2012), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Myeong et al. (2020), Bello et al. (2021), Binkley and Kemp (2022)
		Inadequate infrastructure	Deen (2015), Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Myeong et al. (2020), Bello et al. (2021)Binkley and Kemp (2022), Travassos et al. (2021), Perera et al. (2020)
		Inadequate institution/organisation	Wamsler et al. (2020)
2	Technological and information disparities	Technological disparities	Damaševičius et al. (2023)Gilmore and DuRant (2021), Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Travassos et al. (2021), Perera et al. (2020)
3		Lack of knowledge or capacity	Wamsler et al. (2020), Ajibade (2022), Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Anguelovski et al. (2014), (Perera et al., 2020)
3		Lack of capacity building	Wamsler et al. (2020)
4	Coordination and governance challenges	Coordination issues among stakeholders	Wamsler et al. (2020)
		Ineffective building by-laws	Abdul and Yu (2020), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Bello et al. (2021)
		Policy/legal issues	Wamsler et al. (2020)
5	Social, cultural and religious considerations	Lack of consideration of social, cultural and religious norms and practices in emergency response infrastructure	Wamsler et al. (2020)
6	Urbanisation and population dynamics	Rapid urbanisation and population growth	Wamsler et al. (2020), Abdul and Yu (2020), Ajibade (2022), Pelling (2012), Rezvani et al. (2023), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023)
7	Vulnerability and risk factors	Vulnerability to natural hazards	Deen (2015), Gilmore and DuRant (2021), Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Bello et al. (2021), Binkley and Kemp (2022)
7	Vulnerability and risk factors	Socio-political barriers	Deen (2015), Pelling (2012), Rezvani et al. (2023), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Travassos et al. (2021), Myeong et al. (2020), Perera et al. (2020), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Bello et al. (2021), Binkley and Kemp (2022)
8	Community engagement and participation	Lack of community engagement	Pelling (2012), Al-Wathinani et al. (2023), Anguelovski et al. (2014), Perera et al. (2020)

Source(s): Literature review