Table 2. Hope and (self-perceived)...

Table 2.

Hope and (self-perceived) action competence across various socio-demographic groups

Measure	Total		Female		Male		p	Non-STEM		STEM		p	Sophomore(1)		Junior(2)		Senior(3)		p12	p23	p13
	N = 216		N = 80		N = 136			N = 107		N = 108			N = 61		N = 57		N = 98
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
PW⁷	5.38	0.99	5.58	0.94	5.26	0.99	0.02	5.36	1.00	5.40	0.97	0.80	5.56	0.98	5.36	1.07	5.28	0.93	0.29	0.65	0.08
CW⁷	4.85	1.07	4.89	0.96	4.82	1.13	0.63	4.79	1.07	4.90	1.07	0.43	4.98	0.98	4.94	1.08	4.71	1.10	0.82	0.20	0.11
LW⁷	3.46	1.38	3.00	1.19	3.73	1.41	0.00	3.53	1.38	3.40	1.37	0.47	3.22	1.40	3.30	1.30	3.70	1.38	0.73	0.08	0.04
Hope⁷	5.11	0.93	5.24	0.85	5.04	0.96	0.13	5.08	0.93	5.15	0.93	0.56	5.27	0.89	5.15	0.98	4.99	0.91	0.48	0.32	0.06
KAP⁵	4.13	0.60	4.25	0.61	4.06	0.61	0.03	4.15	0.67	4.13	0.54	0.85	4.25	0.55	4.13	0.75	4.06	0.57	0.34	0.52	0.05
COI⁵	3.73	0.85	3.92	0.79	3.61	0.86	0.01	3.74	0.86	3.73	0.84	0.94	3.86	0.81	3.75	0.89	3.63	0.84	0.45	0.43	0.09
WTA⁵	3.96	0.71	4.09	0.76	3.88	0.67	0.03	3.97	0.75	3.97	0.67	0.98	4.13	0.69	3.83	0.76	3.93	0.69	0.03	0.44	0.07
Action Competence⁵	3.94	0.64	4.09	0.64	3.85	0.63	0.01	3.95	0.68	3.94	0.60	0.92	4.08	0.60	3.90	0.71	3.87	0.62	0.15	0.79	0.04

Measure	Total		Female		Male		p	Non-STEM		STEM		p	Sophomore(1)		Junior(2)		Senior(3)		p12	p23	p13
	N = 216		N = 80		N = 136			N = 107		N = 108			N = 61		N = 57		N = 98
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
PW⁷	5.38	0.99	5.58	0.94	5.26	0.99	0.02	5.36	1.00	5.40	0.97	0.80	5.56	0.98	5.36	1.07	5.28	0.93	0.29	0.65	0.08
CW⁷	4.85	1.07	4.89	0.96	4.82	1.13	0.63	4.79	1.07	4.90	1.07	0.43	4.98	0.98	4.94	1.08	4.71	1.10	0.82	0.20	0.11
LW⁷	3.46	1.38	3.00	1.19	3.73	1.41	0.00	3.53	1.38	3.40	1.37	0.47	3.22	1.40	3.30	1.30	3.70	1.38	0.73	0.08	0.04
Hope⁷	5.11	0.93	5.24	0.85	5.04	0.96	0.13	5.08	0.93	5.15	0.93	0.56	5.27	0.89	5.15	0.98	4.99	0.91	0.48	0.32	0.06
KAP⁵	4.13	0.60	4.25	0.61	4.06	0.61	0.03	4.15	0.67	4.13	0.54	0.85	4.25	0.55	4.13	0.75	4.06	0.57	0.34	0.52	0.05
COI⁵	3.73	0.85	3.92	0.79	3.61	0.86	0.01	3.74	0.86	3.73	0.84	0.94	3.86	0.81	3.75	0.89	3.63	0.84	0.45	0.43	0.09
WTA⁵	3.96	0.71	4.09	0.76	3.88	0.67	0.03	3.97	0.75	3.97	0.67	0.98	4.13	0.69	3.83	0.76	3.93	0.69	0.03	0.44	0.07
Action Competence⁵	3.94	0.64	4.09	0.64	3.85	0.63	0.01	3.95	0.68	3.94	0.60	0.92	4.08	0.60	3.90	0.71	3.87	0.62	0.15	0.79	0.04

Note(s):

KAP = knowledge; COI = confidence; WTA = willingness; PW = personal way/willpower; CW = collective way/willpower; LW = lack of way/willpower; STEM = Science Technology Engineering maths majors; p-values < 0.05 in italic, p12 p-value of ANOVA test of group 1 versus group 2, other p-values based on Two-sample t-test, ⁵ on five-point Likert scale, ⁷ on seven-point Likert scale, values for LW are reported for reference only as the construct was dropped from Hope’s measurement model due to insufficient factor loading and reliability

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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