Parameter estimates for the main model
| Before correction | Weighted PS Correction without controls | Weighted PS Correction | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Coef. | Std. err. | Coef. | Std. err. | Coef. | Std. err. |
| Constant | −5.415 | 0.100** | −4.999 | 0.025** | −5.258 | 0.100** |
| Online to online | 2.365 | 0.025** | 2.349 | 0.019** | 2.325 | 0.019** |
| Offline to online | −0.341 | 0.023** | −0.412 | 0.016** | −0.421 | 0.016** |
| Online to offline | −0.566 | 0.023** | −0.643 | 0.016** | −0.651 | 0.016** |
| PL share | 0.145 | 0.010** | 0.112 | 0.013** | 0.115 | 0.013** |
| Online to online × PL share | 0.122 | 0.019** | 0.061 | 0.017** | 0.058 | 0.017** |
| Offline to online × PL share | 0.134 | 0.021** | 0.143 | 0.014** | 0.136 | 0.014** |
| Online to offline × PL share | 0.095 | 0.021** | 0.091 | 0.014** | 0.083 | 0.014** |
| Control variables | ||||||
| Retailer FE | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Nearby store count | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Annual spending in initial period | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Gender | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Age | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Family size | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Income | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Year-quarter FE | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Before correction | Weighted PS Correction without controls | Weighted PS Correction | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Coef. | Std. err. | Coef. | Std. err. | Coef. | Std. err. |
| Constant | −5.415 | 0.100 | −4.999 | 0.025 | −5.258 | 0.100 |
| Online to online | 2.365 | 0.025 | 2.349 | 0.019 | 2.325 | 0.019 |
| Offline to online | −0.341 | 0.023 | −0.412 | 0.016 | −0.421 | 0.016 |
| Online to offline | −0.566 | 0.023 | −0.643 | 0.016 | −0.651 | 0.016 |
| 0.145 | 0.010 | 0.112 | 0.013 | 0.115 | 0.013 | |
| Online to online × | 0.122 | 0.019 | 0.061 | 0.017 | 0.058 | 0.017 |
| Offline to online × | 0.134 | 0.021 | 0.143 | 0.014 | 0.136 | 0.014 |
| Online to offline × | 0.095 | 0.021 | 0.091 | 0.014 | 0.083 | 0.014 |
| Control variables | ||||||
| Retailer | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Nearby store count | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Annual spending in initial period | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Gender | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Age | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Family size | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Income | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| Year-quarter | Yes | No | Yes | |||
**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05; PS denotes propensity score
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