Table A1.

Standardized bias scores

VariableOnline to onlineOffline to onlineOnline to offline
Nearby store count0.003−0.011−0.009
Retailer B0.0060.0020.002
Retailer C−0.0040.0060.007
Annual spending in initial period0.017−0.007−0.011
PL share0.0040.008−0.009
Gender0.0150.0030.004
Age−0.009−0.0020.000
Family size0.013−0.002−0.002
Income−0.0170.0060.008

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