Table 1. Overview of studies Study... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Overview of studies

Study	Objectives	Main findings
Study 1: one-factor, two-level between-subjects design	Aims to test the effect of why mindset vs how mindset on self-transcendence experience	Study 1 confirmed that nascent entrepreneurs engaging in a why mindset exhibit greater self-transcendence experience than those with a how mindset
Study 2: one-factor, three-level between-subjects design	To further test H1, we added a control condition to assess manipulation robustness and examined the process linking mindset to self-transcendence via SVO, moderated by self-efficacy (measured)	Replicating the findings of Study 1 SVO plays a mediating role in the relationship between the entrepreneurial mindset and the experience of self-transcendence The positive influence of a why mindset (vs a how mindset) on both SVO and self-transcendence experience was found to be nonsignificant among individuals with a high level of self-efficacy
Study 3a: a 2 × 2 between-subjects design	To avoid biases from a predetermined scenario, Study 3a had participants use their own social business idea. In addition, we manipulated self-efficacy instead of measuring it	Replicating the findings of Studies 1 and 2 using participants’ own business ideas instead of predetermined scenarios
Study 3b: between-subjects design	Confirm H1–H4 using a larger sample size and participants in Prolific who were doing a business or intended to do a social business in the next one yearIn addition, the study also includes downstream DVs: opportunity evaluation and meaning in life (both presence of meaning and search for meaning)	Replicating the findings of Study 3a Self-transcendence was a significant predictor of all downstream DVs Self-efficacy moderates the effects of mindset on all downstream DV via SVO → self-transcendence experience. The indirect effects of a why mindset (vs a how mindset) on all downstream variables were found to be nonsignificant among individuals with a high level of self-efficacy
Study 4: survey	Using real-world data, i.e. potential nascent entrepreneurs from a start-up competition)	Confirming the findings of Studies 1, 2, 3a and 3b using a different design and sample of real-world nascent entrepreneurs

Study	Objectives	Main findings
Study 1: one-factor, two-level between-subjects design	Aims to test the effect of why mindset vs how mindset on self-transcendence experience	Study 1 confirmed that nascent entrepreneurs engaging in a why mindset exhibit greater self-transcendence experience than those with a how mindset
Study 2: one-factor, three-level between-subjects design	To further test H1, we added a control condition to assess manipulation robustness and examined the process linking mindset to self-transcendence via SVO, moderated by self-efficacy (measured)	Replicating the findings of Study 1 SVO plays a mediating role in the relationship between the entrepreneurial mindset and the experience of self-transcendence The positive influence of a why mindset (vs a how mindset) on both SVO and self-transcendence experience was found to be nonsignificant among individuals with a high level of self-efficacy
Study 3a: a 2 × 2 between-subjects design	To avoid biases from a predetermined scenario, Study 3a had participants use their own social business idea. In addition, we manipulated self-efficacy instead of measuring it	Replicating the findings of Studies 1 and 2 using participants’ own business ideas instead of predetermined scenarios
Study 3b: between-subjects design	Confirm H1–H4 using a larger sample size and participants in Prolific who were doing a business or intended to do a social business in the next one yearIn addition, the study also includes downstream DVs: opportunity evaluation and meaning in life (both presence of meaning and search for meaning)	Replicating the findings of Study 3a Self-transcendence was a significant predictor of all downstream DVs Self-efficacy moderates the effects of mindset on all downstream DV via SVO → self-transcendence experience. The indirect effects of a why mindset (vs a how mindset) on all downstream variables were found to be nonsignificant among individuals with a high level of self-efficacy
Study 4: survey	Using real-world data, i.e. potential nascent entrepreneurs from a start-up competition)	Confirming the findings of Studies 1, 2, 3a and 3b using a different design and sample of real-world nascent entrepreneurs

Source(s): Authors’ own work