Table 4.

Formative measurement model results for lower- and higher-order components

Lower-order components (formative) and itemsOuter loadingVIF
Compared to the old generation of the product, how would you evaluate the new generation of the product in terms of the following?
Product improvement
Product quality0.701.68
Product design and style0.541.73
Product features0.771.56
Brand name0.791.17
Price improvement
List price0.761.62
Credit terms and conditions0.841.67
Discounts and allowances policy0.681.52
Profit margins0.801.54
Distribution improvement
Length of distribution channels0.791.73
Intensity of distribution0.842.07
Control over distribution channels0.812.06
Inventory management0.821.65
Promotion improvement
Communication campaign/ support0.781.74
Support from public relations0.792.48
Communication budget0.831.83
Advertising message0.851.89
Higher-order components (formative)
MMI
Product improvement0.862.06
Price improvement0.922.95
Distribution improvement0.893.38
Promotion improvement0.842.87
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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