Table 1. Comparison of design... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Comparison of design orientations across traditional design thinking, FED and the extended FED framework

Design Dimension	Traditional design thinking (Product-Oriented)	FED	Extended FED (Process-Oriented)
Design focus / unit of analysis	Functional product innovation	Food experience is shaped by emotional, sensory and cognitive dimensions (Batat and Addis, 2021)	Experiential food journey (operationalizing food experience) integrated into the design process
Design process	Linear 4-step: empathize, define, ideate, prototype	Linear 4-steps (Batat and Addis, 2021)	Revised 4-step process: the three stages of the experiential food journey (contemplation, connection, creation) integrated into each design step
End goal / outcome	Product success, consumer satisfaction and market fit	Food well-being is treated as a unified concept (Addis et al., 2022)	Food well-being is operationalized through five domains (availability, literacy, socialization, policy, marketing) and embedded as both design parameters and outcome domains

Design Dimension	Traditional design thinking (Product-Oriented)	FED	Extended FED (Process-Oriented)
Design focus / unit of analysis	Functional product innovation	Food experience is shaped by emotional, sensory and cognitive dimensions (Batat and Addis, 2021)	Experiential food journey (operationalizing food experience) integrated into the design process
Design process	Linear 4-step: empathize, define, ideate, prototype	Linear 4-steps (Batat and Addis, 2021)	Revised 4-step process: the three stages of the experiential food journey (contemplation, connection, creation) integrated into each design step
End goal / outcome	Product success, consumer satisfaction and market fit	Food well-being is treated as a unified concept (Addis et al., 2022)	Food well-being is operationalized through five domains (availability, literacy, socialization, policy, marketing) and embedded as both design parameters and outcome domains