Table 1.

Evolution of organisational readiness construct over time

Time periodKey theoretical contributionsFocus of readinessExample references
1950s–1980sConceptual emergence of readinessGeneral preparedness and willingness for changeJacobson (1957)
1990s–2000sBehavioural perspective on change readiness (e.g. beliefs, attitudes, intentions)Psychological readiness; member commitment; change valence and efficacyArmenakis et al. (1993), Gist and Mitchell (1992), Weiner (2009) 
2000s–2010sRise of digital transformation and technology-specific readinessEmphasis on digital capabilities, infrastructure and data governance. Sector-specific resource alignment; structural and cultural readinessEby et al. (2000), Lin et al. (2007), Lokuge et al. (2019) 
2020s (Emerging)Readiness for disruptive technologies such as AI, blockchain, XR, quantum computingIntegration readiness, trust in automation, ethical concerns, human–machine collaborationDu and Xie (2021), Issa et al. (2022), Tehrani et al. (2024) 
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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