Regression Coefficients for Participation Pattern on Character Variables
| β0 | Standardized Coefficient | Standard Error | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sport-Specific Character | ||||
| Generosity | ||||
| No Early Participation* | -.29 | -.14 | .11 | .012 |
| Inconsistent Participation* | -.19 | -.13 | .08 | .021 |
| Less Sampling | -.12 | -.06 | .11 | .300 |
| Limited Sampling | -.03 | -.02 | .12 | .771 |
| Honesty in Sport | ||||
| No Early Participation*** | .53 | .19 | .15 | .000 |
| Inconsistent Participation*** | .46 | .24 | .11 | .000 |
| Less Sampling* | .37 | .13 | .15 | .011 |
| Limited Sampling | .16 | .05 | .15 | .316 |
| Leadership | ||||
| No Early Participation* | -.27 | -.12 | .12 | .027 |
| Inconsistent Participation | -.09 | -.06 | .09 | .319 |
| Less Sampling | -.06 | -.03 | .12 | .600 |
| Limited Sampling | .13 | .06 | .12 | .295 |
| Moral Disengagement | ||||
| No Early Participation*** | -.59 | -.24 | .12 | .000 |
| Inconsistent Participation** | -.31 | -.18 | .09 | .001 |
| Less Sampling** | -.37 | -.15 | .12 | .002 |
| Limited Sampling | -.01 | -.01 | .13 | .918 |
| Respect | ||||
| No Early Participation | .15 | .09 | .09 | .091 |
| Inconsistent Participation* | .16 | .14 | .06 | .013 |
| Less Sampling | .12 | .07 | .08 | .158 |
| Limited Sampling | .08 | .04 | .09 | .384 |
| General Character | ||||
| Empathy | ||||
| No Early Participation | -.15 | -.08 | .10 | .122 |
| Inconsistent Participation | -.12 | -.10 | .07 | .077 |
| Less Sampling | -.02 | -.01 | .09 | .858 |
| Limited Sampling | .05 | .02 | .10 | .631 |
| Moral Courage | ||||
| No Early Participation | -.07 | -.04 | .11 | -.532 |
| Inconsistent Participation | .07 | .07 | .07 | .329 |
| Less Sampling | -.06 | -.04 | .10 | .521 |
| Limited Sampling | .17 | .11 | .09 | .078 |
| Character | ||||
| No Early Participation | .12 | .06 | .10 | .252 |
| Inconsistent Participation | .06 | .05 | .07 | .403 |
| Less Sampling | .18 | .10 | .10 | .060 |
| Limited Sampling* | .26 | .13 | .10 | .012 |
| Resilience | ||||
| No Early Participation | -.17 | -.09 | .11 | .118 |
| Inconsistent Participation | -.09 | -.07 | .08 | .252 |
| Less Sampling | -.09 | -.05 | .10 | .396 |
| Limited Sampling | .17 | .08 | .11 | .113 |
| No Early Participation | -.29 | -.14 | .11 | .012 |
| Inconsistent Participation | -.19 | -.13 | .08 | .021 |
| Less Sampling | -.12 | -.06 | .11 | .300 |
| Limited Sampling | -.03 | -.02 | .12 | .771 |
| No Early Participation | .53 | .19 | .15 | .000 |
| Inconsistent Participation | .46 | .24 | .11 | .000 |
| Less Sampling | .37 | .13 | .15 | .011 |
| Limited Sampling | .16 | .05 | .15 | .316 |
| No Early Participation | -.27 | -.12 | .12 | .027 |
| Inconsistent Participation | -.09 | -.06 | .09 | .319 |
| Less Sampling | -.06 | -.03 | .12 | .600 |
| Limited Sampling | .13 | .06 | .12 | .295 |
| No Early Participation | -.59 | -.24 | .12 | .000 |
| Inconsistent Participation | -.31 | -.18 | .09 | .001 |
| Less Sampling | -.37 | -.15 | .12 | .002 |
| Limited Sampling | -.01 | -.01 | .13 | .918 |
| No Early Participation | .15 | .09 | .09 | .091 |
| Inconsistent Participation | .16 | .14 | .06 | .013 |
| Less Sampling | .12 | .07 | .08 | .158 |
| Limited Sampling | .08 | .04 | .09 | .384 |
| No Early Participation | -.15 | -.08 | .10 | .122 |
| Inconsistent Participation | -.12 | -.10 | .07 | .077 |
| Less Sampling | -.02 | -.01 | .09 | .858 |
| Limited Sampling | .05 | .02 | .10 | .631 |
| No Early Participation | -.07 | -.04 | .11 | -.532 |
| Inconsistent Participation | .07 | .07 | .07 | .329 |
| Less Sampling | -.06 | -.04 | .10 | .521 |
| Limited Sampling | .17 | .11 | .09 | .078 |
| No Early Participation | .12 | .06 | .10 | .252 |
| Inconsistent Participation | .06 | .05 | .07 | .403 |
| Less Sampling | .18 | .10 | .10 | .060 |
| Limited Sampling | .26 | .13 | .10 | .012 |
| No Early Participation | -.17 | -.09 | .11 | .118 |
| Inconsistent Participation | -.09 | -.07 | .08 | .252 |
| Less Sampling | -.09 | -.05 | .10 | .396 |
| Limited Sampling | .17 | .08 | .11 | .113 |
Note: “Heavy Sampling” group used as reference; *p < .05;
**p < .01;
***p < .001.
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