Table 2

Regression Coefficients for Participation Pattern on Character Variables

β0Standardized CoefficientStandard Errorp Value
Sport-Specific Character
Generosity
No Early Participation*-.29-.14.11.012
Inconsistent Participation*-.19-.13.08.021
Less Sampling-.12-.06.11.300
Limited Sampling-.03-.02.12.771
Honesty in Sport
No Early Participation***.53.19.15.000
Inconsistent Participation***.46.24.11.000
Less Sampling*.37.13.15.011
Limited Sampling.16.05.15.316
Leadership
No Early Participation*-.27-.12.12.027
Inconsistent Participation-.09-.06.09.319
Less Sampling-.06-.03.12.600
Limited Sampling.13.06.12.295
Moral Disengagement
No Early Participation***-.59-.24.12.000
Inconsistent Participation**-.31-.18.09.001
Less Sampling**-.37-.15.12.002
Limited Sampling-.01-.01.13.918
Respect
No Early Participation.15.09.09.091
Inconsistent Participation*.16.14.06.013
Less Sampling.12.07.08.158
Limited Sampling.08.04.09.384
General Character
Empathy
No Early Participation-.15-.08.10.122
Inconsistent Participation-.12-.10.07.077
Less Sampling-.02-.01.09.858
Limited Sampling.05.02.10.631
Moral Courage
No Early Participation-.07-.04.11-.532
Inconsistent Participation.07.07.07.329
Less Sampling-.06-.04.10.521
Limited Sampling.17.11.09.078
Character
No Early Participation.12.06.10.252
Inconsistent Participation.06.05.07.403
Less Sampling.18.10.10.060
Limited Sampling*.26.13.10.012
Resilience
No Early Participation-.17-.09.11.118
Inconsistent Participation-.09-.07.08.252
Less Sampling-.09-.05.10.396
Limited Sampling.17.08.11.113

Note: “Heavy Sampling” group used as reference; *p < .05;

**p < .01;

***p < .001.

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