Table 2 Comparison of Moral Behaviors... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Comparison of Moral Behaviors Nurtured by Two Types of Competitive Contests

Moral behaviors	Moral behaviors in win-lose team contests	Moral behaviors in win-win-or-lose-lose team contests
Collaborate with other people	Collaborate with teammates to score more goals than the opposing team and preventing the other team from scoring goals.	Collaborate with players on the other team to increase continuously the number of goals the teams can score together.
Evaluate performance objectively	Evaluate performance by keeping score on a zero-sum basis: one team can win only if the other team loses.	Evaluate performance by keeping score on a non-zerosum basis: both teams lose or both win depending whether they can increase their joint performance.
Communicate honestly	Teammates share accurate information internally. Teams maximize their score by keeping strategic information private. One team does not share strategies with the other team. Players on both teams agree to give misleading information (such as head fakes) to deceive opposing players as part of the game.	Teammates share accurate information externally. Teams maximize the improvement in their scores by sharing strategic information with the other team. Players on different teams share accurate information with the other team it helps them improve their joint score.
Resolve conflicts peacefully	Players and coaches promote conflict resolution and cooperation within their team because their teamwork increases the possibility of outperforming and defeating the other team.	Players and coaches promote conflict resolution and cooperation between teams because the teams increase the possibility of raising the scores if they work together.
Select players fairly	Coaches are just and fair in selecting the players who are most capable of maximizing the team’s score. Teams become stronger if coaches cut less capable players from the team.	Coaches are just and fair in selecting players who have the potential to improve -- or help others improve -- because teams win by improving the score.
Include people with differing abilities equitably	Players with disabilities are included on teams with others who have comparable abilities. Players on different teams need similar levels of ability for a win- lose contest to be equitable.	Players with disabilities play as equal contributors with those who are not considered disabled because anyone who can improve can increase the joint score of the teams.
Respect property rights	The rules of the game explain when and how players may take property from opposing teams (such as stealing the ball from an opposing player).	The rules of the game are silent on property rights and allow the players to learn experientially the benefits of respecting other people’s property.
Encourage and uplift each other	Coaches encourage their own players and rarely speak to players on the other team. Players encourage their teammates and may discourage or disparage opponents because the objective is to improve their own team’s score.	Coaches encourage players on both teams and share ideas together. Players encourage their own teammates as well as players on the other team because the objective is to improve their joint score.

Moral behaviors	Moral behaviors in win-lose team contests	Moral behaviors in win-win-or-lose-lose team contests
Collaborate with other people	Collaborate with teammates to score more goals than the opposing team and preventing the other team from scoring goals.	Collaborate with players on the other team to increase continuously the number of goals the teams can score together.
Evaluate performance objectively	Evaluate performance by keeping score on a zero-sum basis: one team can win only if the other team loses.	Evaluate performance by keeping score on a non-zerosum basis: both teams lose or both win depending whether they can increase their joint performance.
Communicate honestly	Teammates share accurate information internally. Teams maximize their score by keeping strategic information private. One team does not share strategies with the other team. Players on both teams agree to give misleading information (such as head fakes) to deceive opposing players as part of the game.	Teammates share accurate information externally. Teams maximize the improvement in their scores by sharing strategic information with the other team. Players on different teams share accurate information with the other team it helps them improve their joint score.
Resolve conflicts peacefully	Players and coaches promote conflict resolution and cooperation within their team because their teamwork increases the possibility of outperforming and defeating the other team.	Players and coaches promote conflict resolution and cooperation between teams because the teams increase the possibility of raising the scores if they work together.
Select players fairly	Coaches are just and fair in selecting the players who are most capable of maximizing the team’s score. Teams become stronger if coaches cut less capable players from the team.	Coaches are just and fair in selecting players who have the potential to improve -- or help others improve -- because teams win by improving the score.
Include people with differing abilities equitably	Players with disabilities are included on teams with others who have comparable abilities. Players on different teams need similar levels of ability for a win- lose contest to be equitable.	Players with disabilities play as equal contributors with those who are not considered disabled because anyone who can improve can increase the joint score of the teams.
Respect property rights	The rules of the game explain when and how players may take property from opposing teams (such as stealing the ball from an opposing player).	The rules of the game are silent on property rights and allow the players to learn experientially the benefits of respecting other people’s property.
Encourage and uplift each other	Coaches encourage their own players and rarely speak to players on the other team. Players encourage their teammates and may discourage or disparage opponents because the objective is to improve their own team’s score.	Coaches encourage players on both teams and share ideas together. Players encourage their own teammates as well as players on the other team because the objective is to improve their joint score.