ADF test results (unit root test)
| Variable | Levels | First differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test stat | p-value | Test stat | p-value | |
| Farm | −0.522 | 0.980 | −6.180*** | <0.001 |
| Processing | 1.387 | 0.999 | −3.485** | 0.045 |
| Retail | −0.125 | 0.999 | −6.683*** | <0.001 |
| Variable | Levels | First differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test stat | Test stat | |||
| Farm | −0.522 | 0.980 | −6.180*** | <0.001 |
| Processing | 1.387 | 0.999 | −3.485** | 0.045 |
| Retail | −0.125 | 0.999 | −6.683*** | <0.001 |
Note(s): The test does not include a constant and a linear trend. Asterisks denote significance at 10% (*), 5% (**), and 1% (***) levels
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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