Table 2 Metrics for evaluating model...

Table 2

Metrics for evaluating model performance

Evaluation metrics	R²	RMSE	MAE	MAPE
Equation	$R^{2} = 1 - \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} {(y_{i} - \hat{y_{i}})}^{2}}{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} {(y_{i} - \overset{̅}{y_{i}})}^{2}}$	$R M S E = \sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} {(y_{i} - \hat{y_{i}})}^{2}}$	$M A E = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} \| y_{i} - \hat{y_{i}} \|$	$M A P E = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} \| \frac{y_{i} - \hat{y_{i}}}{y_{i}} \| \times 100$
Range	(−∞, 1]	[0, +∞)	[0, +∞)	[0%, +∞)
Optimal value	1	0	0	0%

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