Common challenges of the CCA for South Asian farmers
| Major challenges dimension | Specific causes | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Poor policy and governance | Inadequate policies | Islam and Nursey-Bray (2017), Rahman et al. (2021) and Muench et al. (2021) |
| Poor institutional frameworks | Kabir et al. (2017), Sam et al. (2020) and Angom et al. (2021) | |
| Lack of good governance | Singh et al. (2019), Bremer et al. (2019) and Omerkhil et al. (2020b) | |
| Financial resources | Lack of financial capital | Rahman et al. (2021) and Muench et al. (2021) |
| Low access to institutional finance | Truelove et al. (2015) | |
| High-interest rate of local lenders | Singh et al. (2019) and Sam et al. (2020) | |
| Inability to access expensive agricultural inputs | Kabir et al. (2017), Rana and Moniruzzaman (2021) and Aftab et al. (2021) | |
| Information | Lack of access to information and knowledge | Abid et al. (2019) and Suresh et al. (2021) |
| Poor understanding of adaptation strategies | Bhatta et al. (2017) and Abid et al. (2019) | |
| Technology and inputs access | Lack of access to technology | Fahad and Wang (2018) and Jha and Gupta (2021) |
| Low access to inputs like seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and intercultural operation tools | Bahinipati and Venkatachalam (2015) and Omerkhil et al. (2020a) | |
| Low access to agricultural mechanization | Bhatta et al. (2017), Hussain et al. (2018) and Kuchimanchi et al. (2021) | |
| Infrastructure | Inadequate infrastructure (road and communication network) | Omerkhil et al. (2020a) and Khan et al. (2020) |
| Low access to market | Fahad and Wang (2018) and Abid et al. (2019) | |
| Sociocultural aspect | Gender inequalities | Naz et al. (2018) and Aryal et al. (2020a, 2020b) |
| Poor attitude toward new technology | Shahzad and Abdulai (2020) and Baruah et al. (2021) | |
| Negative social norms | Hussain et al. (2018), Kuchimanchi et al. (2021) and Rahman et al. (2021) |
| Major challenges dimension | Specific causes | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Poor policy and governance | Inadequate policies | |
| Poor institutional frameworks | ||
| Lack of good governance | ||
| Financial resources | Lack of financial capital | |
| Low access to institutional finance | ||
| High-interest rate of local lenders | ||
| Inability to access expensive agricultural inputs | ||
| Information | Lack of access to information and knowledge | |
| Poor understanding of adaptation strategies | ||
| Technology and inputs access | Lack of access to technology | |
| Low access to inputs like seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and intercultural operation tools | ||
| Low access to agricultural mechanization | ||
| Infrastructure | Inadequate infrastructure (road and communication network) | |
| Low access to market | ||
| Sociocultural aspect | Gender inequalities | |
| Poor attitude toward new technology | ||
| Negative social norms |
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