Table 6

Relationship between digital twin degradation state and sustainability-relevant monitoring objectives

Digital twin aspectSustainability interpretationRelevant sustainability context
Monotonic degradation state τ(t)Enables consistent tracking of irreversible degradation and lifecycle progressionSupports reliability-oriented asset management and infrastructure monitoring
Data-efficient physics-informed formulationReduces dependence on extensive experimental data and large-scale simulationsSupports efficient model deployment in data-limited environments
Physically consistent state evolutionEnsures interpretable and stable degradation tracking over long operational periodsSupports reliable lifecycle assessment and maintenance planning

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