Table 1. Push and pull factors for... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Push and pull factors for return migration of Ilustrado returnee entrepreneurs

Push out of host country	Pull reasons to go back home
Finding one’s self/identity (after moving away from PH when they were young)	Curious to explore home culture/reconnection to their roots
Cannot adjust to living alone/life without privileges	Better life condition back home (access to maids, services vs living alone abroad)
Felt privileged living abroad	Helping their countrymen as an obligation
Market is saturated and competitive	Good PH economic outlook with many opportunities
Limited access to business opportunities	Business is in the PH (family and network support/working with key PH industry sector)
No deeper emotional attachment to the host country/discrimination/homesickness	Patriotism; positive reintegration and returnee acceptance by locals

Push out of host country	Pull reasons to go back home
Finding one’s self/identity (after moving away from PH when they were young)	Curious to explore home culture/reconnection to their roots
Cannot adjust to living alone/life without privileges	Better life condition back home (access to maids, services vs living alone abroad)
Felt privileged living abroad	Helping their countrymen as an obligation
Market is saturated and competitive	Good PH economic outlook with many opportunities
Limited access to business opportunities	Business is in the PH (family and network support/working with key PH industry sector)
No deeper emotional attachment to the host country/discrimination/homesickness	Patriotism; positive reintegration and returnee acceptance by locals