Table 1 Proposed taxonomy for SC...

Table 1

Proposed taxonomy for SC biodiversity indicators

Category	Subcategory	Indicator numbers
Genes, species and populations: organism-level diversity (richness and abundance), population viability and genetic health	Species-level diversity: species richness, species evenness, abundance-based coverage estimators (ACE) and taxonomic distinctness	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 20, 34, 36, 45, 67, 68, 112, 132, 163, 164, 198, 230
	Population viability and genetic diversity: genetic diversity indices, inbreeding, effective population size, genetic bottleneck events and genetic resilience	23, 32, 38, 69, 70, 105, 106, 107, 114, 118, 119, 126, 127, 134, 135, 223
	Rarity, endemism and threat status: rarity indices, endemism indices and the presence of threatened or endangered species	13, 14, 21, 25, 29, 42, 44, 63, 64, 66, 146, 153
Habitats and ecosystems: habitat condition, ecosystem integrity and connectivity – factors that shape species distributions	Habitat condition and integrity: habitat quality, habitat integrity index, habitat suitability, structural complexity and microhabitat metrics	19, 35, 40, 41, 46, 47, 62, 113, 165, 185, 188, 191, 202, 205, 207, 227, 237
	Habitat area and fragmentation: habitat size, fragmentation, edge effects, patch diversity and corridor availability	50, 60, 180, 215
	Landscape connectivity and restoration: connectivity metrics, reforestation or regeneration success, corridor and crossing connectivity and secondary forest regeneration	18, 30, 61, 182, 187, 211
Ecosystem function and resilience: addresses ecological processes, functional diversity and the ability of ecosystems to recover or resist disturbances	Functional diversity and trophic dynamics: functional traits, redundancy, trophic level indices, trophic structure and interaction richness	6, 11, 26, 27, 31, 33, 37, 43, 48, 71, 99, 155, 175, 176, 184, 193, 195, 196, 199, 210, 218, 220, 222, 225, 228, 229, 231
	Resilience, stability and vulnerability: vulnerability indices, resilience indices, ecosystem tipping point risks and functional stability	22, 24, 115, 125, 138, 139, 238
	Ecosystem health and composite indices: ecosystem health indices, biotic indices and consensus indices	12, 16, 39, 177
Ecosystem services and nature’s contributions to humans: encompasses provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services, plus nature-based solutions	Key ecosystem services: pollination, water purification, soil fertility, pest/disease control and carbon sequestration	28, 73, 74, 75, 76, 95, 147, 169, 234, 236
	Nature-based solutions and restoration: mangrove regeneration potential, rewilding progress, payment for ecosystem services and habitat buffering (e.g. coastal sediment retention)	102, 140, 167, 201, 213, 217, 226, 232, 246
	Cultural and biocultural values: Biocultural diversity index, cultural keystone species and local/indigenous knowledge retention	149, 156, 212
Pressures: land use, resource extraction and habitat alteration: captures how human activities – especially land and resource use – drive biodiversity change	Deforestation, land-use change and intensity: deforestation rates, land use intensity, desertification pressure and farmland indicators	49, 77, 101, 103, 208
	Resource extraction and consumption: resource extraction intensity, habitat encroachment, resource recovery rates and SC transitions	53, 78, 79, 100, 133, 141, 158, 248
	Infrastructure and fragmentation drivers: roadkill/collision hotspots, microclimate variation around facilities, edge species vulnerability and river continuity score	56, 142, 181, 221
Pressures: pollution, waste and chemical impacts: focuses on pollution from chemicals, plastics, waste and emissions affecting air, water and soil	Pollution and emissions: pollution emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, endocrine disruptors and microplastic infiltration	54, 81, 145, 190
	Waste generation and circularity: waste generation, hazardous waste management, single-use plastic dependency and circular material flows	55, 57, 58, 59, 104, 160, 171
	Soil, water and air contamination: water quality, eutrophication risk, soil enzyme activity and marine noise pollution	51, 52, 159, 166, 172, 178, 186, 194, 197
Pressures: climate change and extreme events: covers climate-biodiversity interactions, phenological shifts, thermal stress and other climate-related impacts	Climate-biodiversity interactions: climate-biodiversity interaction index, phenological shift tracking, climate refugee species and thermal refuge connectivity	124, 144, 170, 179, 192, 200, 204, 209, 219, 224
	GHG emissions and sequestration: already partly in “pollution & emissions” but cross-listed if focusing on climate	72, 80
	Extreme events and sensitivity: fire frequency impact score, high-altitude ecosystem sensitivity, glacial ecosystem integrity and coral bleaching risk	183, 189, 206, 233, 235
Invasive species, pathogens and disease risk: encompasses non-native species, disease vectors and zoonotic risks in SCs	Invasive species spread and impact: invasive species presence/coverage, economic impact, rate of spread and management effectiveness	65, 108, 109, 120, 121, 129, 136, 137
	Pathogens and disease: invasive pathogen index, multi-host pathogen reservoirs, zoonotic spillover risk and wildlife–livestock interface	128, 214, 239, 240, 241
	Human–wildlife conflict: conflict severity, coexistence strategies and predator–prey balance disruptions	242, 243
Governance, policy and socioeconomic dimensions: covers stakeholder engagement, corporate oversight, regulatory compliance and equity	Governance and corporate responsibility: corporate biodiversity engagement score, biodiversity disclosure, policy alignment, regulatory compliance and international collaboration	82, 83, 98, 111, 123, 143, 157, 162, 216, 244, 245, 249
	Stakeholder engagement and social equity: stakeholder engagement, indigenous knowledge integration, cultural biodiversity value and biodiversity impact equity	96, 110, 116, 122, 130, 131, 148, 173
	Economic impacts and incentives: payment for ecosystem services, resource extraction trade-offs, local stewardship incentives and biodiversity offsets	87, 97, 152, 168, 174, 247
Methodological, data and capacity-building factors: addresses data availability, standardization, monitoring techniques and communication for improved biodiversity management	Data gaps, quality and standardization: data scarcity and quality, lack of standardized indicators, remote sensing indices and eDNA monitoring	84, 86, 88, 90, 117
	Methodological improvements: methodological limitations, integrating LCA or other environmental accounting methods and improving impact analysis	85, 91, 92, 93, 150, 151, 154, 161, 203
	Capacity building and communication: communication strategies, stakeholder awareness, knowledge retention and corporate training	89, 94

Category	Subcategory	Indicator numbers
Genes, species and populations: organism-level diversity (richness and abundance), population viability and genetic health	Species-level diversity: species richness, species evenness, abundance-based coverage estimators (ACE) and taxonomic distinctness	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 20, 34, 36, 45, 67, 68, 112, 132, 163, 164, 198, 230
	Population viability and genetic diversity: genetic diversity indices, inbreeding, effective population size, genetic bottleneck events and genetic resilience	23, 32, 38, 69, 70, 105, 106, 107, 114, 118, 119, 126, 127, 134, 135, 223
	Rarity, endemism and threat status: rarity indices, endemism indices and the presence of threatened or endangered species	13, 14, 21, 25, 29, 42, 44, 63, 64, 66, 146, 153
Habitats and ecosystems: habitat condition, ecosystem integrity and connectivity – factors that shape species distributions	Habitat condition and integrity: habitat quality, habitat integrity index, habitat suitability, structural complexity and microhabitat metrics	19, 35, 40, 41, 46, 47, 62, 113, 165, 185, 188, 191, 202, 205, 207, 227, 237
	Habitat area and fragmentation: habitat size, fragmentation, edge effects, patch diversity and corridor availability	50, 60, 180, 215
	Landscape connectivity and restoration: connectivity metrics, reforestation or regeneration success, corridor and crossing connectivity and secondary forest regeneration	18, 30, 61, 182, 187, 211
Ecosystem function and resilience: addresses ecological processes, functional diversity and the ability of ecosystems to recover or resist disturbances	Functional diversity and trophic dynamics: functional traits, redundancy, trophic level indices, trophic structure and interaction richness	6, 11, 26, 27, 31, 33, 37, 43, 48, 71, 99, 155, 175, 176, 184, 193, 195, 196, 199, 210, 218, 220, 222, 225, 228, 229, 231
	Resilience, stability and vulnerability: vulnerability indices, resilience indices, ecosystem tipping point risks and functional stability	22, 24, 115, 125, 138, 139, 238
	Ecosystem health and composite indices: ecosystem health indices, biotic indices and consensus indices	12, 16, 39, 177
Ecosystem services and nature’s contributions to humans: encompasses provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services, plus nature-based solutions	Key ecosystem services: pollination, water purification, soil fertility, pest/disease control and carbon sequestration	28, 73, 74, 75, 76, 95, 147, 169, 234, 236
	Nature-based solutions and restoration: mangrove regeneration potential, rewilding progress, payment for ecosystem services and habitat buffering (e.g. coastal sediment retention)	102, 140, 167, 201, 213, 217, 226, 232, 246
	Cultural and biocultural values: Biocultural diversity index, cultural keystone species and local/indigenous knowledge retention	149, 156, 212
Pressures: land use, resource extraction and habitat alteration: captures how human activities – especially land and resource use – drive biodiversity change	Deforestation, land-use change and intensity: deforestation rates, land use intensity, desertification pressure and farmland indicators	49, 77, 101, 103, 208
	Resource extraction and consumption: resource extraction intensity, habitat encroachment, resource recovery rates and SC transitions	53, 78, 79, 100, 133, 141, 158, 248
	Infrastructure and fragmentation drivers: roadkill/collision hotspots, microclimate variation around facilities, edge species vulnerability and river continuity score	56, 142, 181, 221
Pressures: pollution, waste and chemical impacts: focuses on pollution from chemicals, plastics, waste and emissions affecting air, water and soil	Pollution and emissions: pollution emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, endocrine disruptors and microplastic infiltration	54, 81, 145, 190
	Waste generation and circularity: waste generation, hazardous waste management, single-use plastic dependency and circular material flows	55, 57, 58, 59, 104, 160, 171
	Soil, water and air contamination: water quality, eutrophication risk, soil enzyme activity and marine noise pollution	51, 52, 159, 166, 172, 178, 186, 194, 197
Pressures: climate change and extreme events: covers climate-biodiversity interactions, phenological shifts, thermal stress and other climate-related impacts	Climate-biodiversity interactions: climate-biodiversity interaction index, phenological shift tracking, climate refugee species and thermal refuge connectivity	124, 144, 170, 179, 192, 200, 204, 209, 219, 224
	GHG emissions and sequestration: already partly in “pollution & emissions” but cross-listed if focusing on climate	72, 80
	Extreme events and sensitivity: fire frequency impact score, high-altitude ecosystem sensitivity, glacial ecosystem integrity and coral bleaching risk	183, 189, 206, 233, 235
Invasive species, pathogens and disease risk: encompasses non-native species, disease vectors and zoonotic risks in SCs	Invasive species spread and impact: invasive species presence/coverage, economic impact, rate of spread and management effectiveness	65, 108, 109, 120, 121, 129, 136, 137
	Pathogens and disease: invasive pathogen index, multi-host pathogen reservoirs, zoonotic spillover risk and wildlife–livestock interface	128, 214, 239, 240, 241
	Human–wildlife conflict: conflict severity, coexistence strategies and predator–prey balance disruptions	242, 243
Governance, policy and socioeconomic dimensions: covers stakeholder engagement, corporate oversight, regulatory compliance and equity	Governance and corporate responsibility: corporate biodiversity engagement score, biodiversity disclosure, policy alignment, regulatory compliance and international collaboration	82, 83, 98, 111, 123, 143, 157, 162, 216, 244, 245, 249
	Stakeholder engagement and social equity: stakeholder engagement, indigenous knowledge integration, cultural biodiversity value and biodiversity impact equity	96, 110, 116, 122, 130, 131, 148, 173
	Economic impacts and incentives: payment for ecosystem services, resource extraction trade-offs, local stewardship incentives and biodiversity offsets	87, 97, 152, 168, 174, 247
Methodological, data and capacity-building factors: addresses data availability, standardization, monitoring techniques and communication for improved biodiversity management	Data gaps, quality and standardization: data scarcity and quality, lack of standardized indicators, remote sensing indices and eDNA monitoring	84, 86, 88, 90, 117
	Methodological improvements: methodological limitations, integrating LCA or other environmental accounting methods and improving impact analysis	85, 91, 92, 93, 150, 151, 154, 161, 203
	Capacity building and communication: communication strategies, stakeholder awareness, knowledge retention and corporate training	89, 94

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