Proposed taxonomy for SC biodiversity indicators
| Category | Subcategory | Indicator numbers |
|---|---|---|
| Genes, species and populations: organism-level diversity (richness and abundance), population viability and genetic health | Species-level diversity: species richness, species evenness, abundance-based coverage estimators (ACE) and taxonomic distinctness | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 20, 34, 36, 45, 67, 68, 112, 132, 163, 164, 198, 230 |
| Population viability and genetic diversity: genetic diversity indices, inbreeding, effective population size, genetic bottleneck events and genetic resilience | 23, 32, 38, 69, 70, 105, 106, 107, 114, 118, 119, 126, 127, 134, 135, 223 | |
| Rarity, endemism and threat status: rarity indices, endemism indices and the presence of threatened or endangered species | 13, 14, 21, 25, 29, 42, 44, 63, 64, 66, 146, 153 | |
| Habitats and ecosystems: habitat condition, ecosystem integrity and connectivity – factors that shape species distributions | Habitat condition and integrity: habitat quality, habitat integrity index, habitat suitability, structural complexity and microhabitat metrics | 19, 35, 40, 41, 46, 47, 62, 113, 165, 185, 188, 191, 202, 205, 207, 227, 237 |
| Habitat area and fragmentation: habitat size, fragmentation, edge effects, patch diversity and corridor availability | 50, 60, 180, 215 | |
| Landscape connectivity and restoration: connectivity metrics, reforestation or regeneration success, corridor and crossing connectivity and secondary forest regeneration | 18, 30, 61, 182, 187, 211 | |
| Ecosystem function and resilience: addresses ecological processes, functional diversity and the ability of ecosystems to recover or resist disturbances | Functional diversity and trophic dynamics: functional traits, redundancy, trophic level indices, trophic structure and interaction richness | 6, 11, 26, 27, 31, 33, 37, 43, 48, 71, 99, 155, 175, 176, 184, 193, 195, 196, 199, 210, 218, 220, 222, 225, 228, 229, 231 |
| Resilience, stability and vulnerability: vulnerability indices, resilience indices, ecosystem tipping point risks and functional stability | 22, 24, 115, 125, 138, 139, 238 | |
| Ecosystem health and composite indices: ecosystem health indices, biotic indices and consensus indices | 12, 16, 39, 177 | |
| Ecosystem services and nature’s contributions to humans: encompasses provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural services, plus nature-based solutions | Key ecosystem services: pollination, water purification, soil fertility, pest/disease control and carbon sequestration | 28, 73, 74, 75, 76, 95, 147, 169, 234, 236 |
| Nature-based solutions and restoration: mangrove regeneration potential, rewilding progress, payment for ecosystem services and habitat buffering (e.g. coastal sediment retention) | 102, 140, 167, 201, 213, 217, 226, 232, 246 | |
| Cultural and biocultural values: Biocultural diversity index, cultural keystone species and local/indigenous knowledge retention | 149, 156, 212 | |
| Pressures: land use, resource extraction and habitat alteration: captures how human activities – especially land and resource use – drive biodiversity change | Deforestation, land-use change and intensity: deforestation rates, land use intensity, desertification pressure and farmland indicators | 49, 77, 101, 103, 208 |
| Resource extraction and consumption: resource extraction intensity, habitat encroachment, resource recovery rates and SC transitions | 53, 78, 79, 100, 133, 141, 158, 248 | |
| Infrastructure and fragmentation drivers: roadkill/collision hotspots, microclimate variation around facilities, edge species vulnerability and river continuity score | 56, 142, 181, 221 | |
| Pressures: pollution, waste and chemical impacts: focuses on pollution from chemicals, plastics, waste and emissions affecting air, water and soil | Pollution and emissions: pollution emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, endocrine disruptors and microplastic infiltration | 54, 81, 145, 190 |
| Waste generation and circularity: waste generation, hazardous waste management, single-use plastic dependency and circular material flows | 55, 57, 58, 59, 104, 160, 171 | |
| Soil, water and air contamination: water quality, eutrophication risk, soil enzyme activity and marine noise pollution | 51, 52, 159, 166, 172, 178, 186, 194, 197 | |
| Pressures: climate change and extreme events: covers climate-biodiversity interactions, phenological shifts, thermal stress and other climate-related impacts | Climate-biodiversity interactions: climate-biodiversity interaction index, phenological shift tracking, climate refugee species and thermal refuge connectivity | 124, 144, 170, 179, 192, 200, 204, 209, 219, 224 |
| GHG emissions and sequestration: already partly in “pollution & emissions” but cross-listed if focusing on climate | 72, 80 | |
| Extreme events and sensitivity: fire frequency impact score, high-altitude ecosystem sensitivity, glacial ecosystem integrity and coral bleaching risk | 183, 189, 206, 233, 235 | |
| Invasive species, pathogens and disease risk: encompasses non-native species, disease vectors and zoonotic risks in SCs | Invasive species spread and impact: invasive species presence/coverage, economic impact, rate of spread and management effectiveness | 65, 108, 109, 120, 121, 129, 136, 137 |
| Pathogens and disease: invasive pathogen index, multi-host pathogen reservoirs, zoonotic spillover risk and wildlife–livestock interface | 128, 214, 239, 240, 241 | |
| Human–wildlife conflict: conflict severity, coexistence strategies and predator–prey balance disruptions | 242, 243 | |
| Governance, policy and socioeconomic dimensions: covers stakeholder engagement, corporate oversight, regulatory compliance and equity | Governance and corporate responsibility: corporate biodiversity engagement score, biodiversity disclosure, policy alignment, regulatory compliance and international collaboration | 82, 83, 98, 111, 123, 143, 157, 162, 216, 244, 245, 249 |
| Stakeholder engagement and social equity: stakeholder engagement, indigenous knowledge integration, cultural biodiversity value and biodiversity impact equity | 96, 110, 116, 122, 130, 131, 148, 173 | |
| Economic impacts and incentives: payment for ecosystem services, resource extraction trade-offs, local stewardship incentives and biodiversity offsets | 87, 97, 152, 168, 174, 247 | |
| Methodological, data and capacity-building factors: addresses data availability, standardization, monitoring techniques and communication for improved biodiversity management | Data gaps, quality and standardization: data scarcity and quality, lack of standardized indicators, remote sensing indices and eDNA monitoring | 84, 86, 88, 90, 117 |
| Methodological improvements: methodological limitations, integrating LCA or other environmental accounting methods and improving impact analysis | 85, 91, 92, 93, 150, 151, 154, 161, 203 | |
| Capacity building and communication: communication strategies, stakeholder awareness, knowledge retention and corporate training | 89, 94 |
| Category | Subcategory | Indicator numbers |
|---|---|---|
| 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 20, 34, 36, 45, 67, 68, 112, 132, 163, 164, 198, 230 | ||
| 23, 32, 38, 69, 70, 105, 106, 107, 114, 118, 119, 126, 127, 134, 135, 223 | ||
| 13, 14, 21, 25, 29, 42, 44, 63, 64, 66, 146, 153 | ||
| 19, 35, 40, 41, 46, 47, 62, 113, 165, 185, 188, 191, 202, 205, 207, 227, 237 | ||
| 50, 60, 180, 215 | ||
| 18, 30, 61, 182, 187, 211 | ||
| 6, 11, 26, 27, 31, 33, 37, 43, 48, 71, 99, 155, 175, 176, 184, 193, 195, 196, 199, 210, 218, 220, 222, 225, 228, 229, 231 | ||
| 22, 24, 115, 125, 138, 139, 238 | ||
| 12, 16, 39, 177 | ||
| 28, 73, 74, 75, 76, 95, 147, 169, 234, 236 | ||
| 102, 140, 167, 201, 213, 217, 226, 232, 246 | ||
| 149, 156, 212 | ||
| 49, 77, 101, 103, 208 | ||
| 53, 78, 79, 100, 133, 141, 158, 248 | ||
| 56, 142, 181, 221 | ||
| 54, 81, 145, 190 | ||
| 55, 57, 58, 59, 104, 160, 171 | ||
| 51, 52, 159, 166, 172, 178, 186, 194, 197 | ||
| 124, 144, 170, 179, 192, 200, 204, 209, 219, 224 | ||
| 72, 80 | ||
| 183, 189, 206, 233, 235 | ||
| 65, 108, 109, 120, 121, 129, 136, 137 | ||
| 128, 214, 239, 240, 241 | ||
| 242, 243 | ||
| 82, 83, 98, 111, 123, 143, 157, 162, 216, 244, 245, 249 | ||
| 96, 110, 116, 122, 130, 131, 148, 173 | ||
| 87, 97, 152, 168, 174, 247 | ||
| 84, 86, 88, 90, 117 | ||
| 85, 91, 92, 93, 150, 151, 154, 161, 203 | ||
| 89, 94 |
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