Table 2 DPSIR integration of taxonomy... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

DPSIR integration of taxonomy indicators (AITT-based)

DPSIR component	Purpose (Maxim et al., 2009)	Application examples
Drivers	Socioeconomic forces that indirectly cause biodiversity change	The land use change index identifies agricultural or infrastructure expansion as upstream forces driving habitat loss (e.g. cocoa SCs encroaching on forest margins). The agricultural Intensification score reflects mechanization, pesticide and fertilizer use, altering ecosystems. The global trade pressure index shows how export demand shapes extraction rates
Pressures	Direct stresses on biodiversity from human activities	Deforestation rate measured via satellite imagery (Hansen et al., 2013) captures annual habitat loss; nitrogen runoff level from water monitoring quantifies eutrophication risks; invasive species presence tracked through field surveys or citizen science (e.g. iNaturalist); overfishing index uses FAO catch-per-unit-effort data to assess depletion risk
State	Condition of biodiversity and ecosystems	Habitat integrity index combines fragmentation/connectivity metrics; species richness derived from standardized surveys or eDNA analysis; pollination service index measures pollinator abundance/diversity critical for crop yields; coral reef health score incorporates live coral cover and bleaching extent (Oliver et al., 2018)
Impacts	Consequences for ecosystem services and human well-being	Ecosystem service value monetizes biodiversity benefits lost; food security risk index links biodiversity decline to agricultural/fisheries yield loss; carbon sequestration loss calculated from biomass/soil carbon; tourism revenue loss seen in ecotourism regions when habitat quality declines (Costanza et al., 2014)
Responses	Actions to prevent, mitigate, or adapt to biodiversity change	Protected area expansion rRate measures policy commitments; ecological restoration progress tracks habitat recovery (e.g. % native species cover); certification Scheme adoption rate (e.g. FSC and MSC) reflects market-driven responses; corporate biodiversity investment index quantifies private sector spending (Boiral et al., 2018)

DPSIR component	Purpose (Maxim et al., 2009)	Application examples
Drivers	Socioeconomic forces that indirectly cause biodiversity change	The land use change index identifies agricultural or infrastructure expansion as upstream forces driving habitat loss (e.g. cocoa SCs encroaching on forest margins). The agricultural Intensification score reflects mechanization, pesticide and fertilizer use, altering ecosystems. The global trade pressure index shows how export demand shapes extraction rates
Pressures	Direct stresses on biodiversity from human activities	Deforestation rate measured via satellite imagery (Hansen et al., 2013) captures annual habitat loss; nitrogen runoff level from water monitoring quantifies eutrophication risks; invasive species presence tracked through field surveys or citizen science (e.g. iNaturalist); overfishing index uses FAO catch-per-unit-effort data to assess depletion risk
State	Condition of biodiversity and ecosystems	Habitat integrity index combines fragmentation/connectivity metrics; species richness derived from standardized surveys or eDNA analysis; pollination service index measures pollinator abundance/diversity critical for crop yields; coral reef health score incorporates live coral cover and bleaching extent (Oliver et al., 2018)
Impacts	Consequences for ecosystem services and human well-being	Ecosystem service value monetizes biodiversity benefits lost; food security risk index links biodiversity decline to agricultural/fisheries yield loss; carbon sequestration loss calculated from biomass/soil carbon; tourism revenue loss seen in ecotourism regions when habitat quality declines (Costanza et al., 2014)
Responses	Actions to prevent, mitigate, or adapt to biodiversity change	Protected area expansion rRate measures policy commitments; ecological restoration progress tracks habitat recovery (e.g. % native species cover); certification Scheme adoption rate (e.g. FSC and MSC) reflects market-driven responses; corporate biodiversity investment index quantifies private sector spending (Boiral et al., 2018)