Table 1 Conceptual comparison of the... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Conceptual comparison of the EIDT with alternative technical approaches

Approach class	Primary logic	Strength	Limitation in the present context	References
Deterministic optimisation	Selects a single best option under fixed assumptions	Efficient where inputs are stable and well specified	Less suited to contexts where engagement and learning transfer vary across states	Aven (2016), Ragsdale (2021)
Predictive or score-based approaches	Forecasts or classifies likely outcomes from historical patterns	Useful for prediction and segmentation in data-rich environments	Does not directly represent managerial risk posture in intervention choice	Alabi et al. (2022), Kausel and Jackson (2020), Nguyen and Broekhuizen (2022)
Generic multi-criteria ranking approaches	Ranks alternatives across multiple criteria	Enables transparent comparison across cost, gain, and duration	Often produces a static ordering that obscures state-contingent shifts	Belton and Stewart (2002), Bhushan and Rai (2004)
EIDT	Combines state-adjusted payoffs with non-probabilistic decision rules	Makes behavioural uncertainty, risk posture, and tie-break logic explicit	Depends on theory-informed calibration and requires context-sensitive parameter setting	Aven (2016), Goodwin and Wright (2014), Nguyen and Broekhuizen (2022)

Approach class	Primary logic	Strength	Limitation in the present context	References
Deterministic optimisation	Selects a single best option under fixed assumptions	Efficient where inputs are stable and well specified	Less suited to contexts where engagement and learning transfer vary across states	Aven (2016), Ragsdale (2021)
Predictive or score-based approaches	Forecasts or classifies likely outcomes from historical patterns	Useful for prediction and segmentation in data-rich environments	Does not directly represent managerial risk posture in intervention choice	Alabi et al. (2022), Kausel and Jackson (2020), Nguyen and Broekhuizen (2022)
Generic multi-criteria ranking approaches	Ranks alternatives across multiple criteria	Enables transparent comparison across cost, gain, and duration	Often produces a static ordering that obscures state-contingent shifts	Belton and Stewart (2002), Bhushan and Rai (2004)
EIDT	Combines state-adjusted payoffs with non-probabilistic decision rules	Makes behavioural uncertainty, risk posture, and tie-break logic explicit	Depends on theory-informed calibration and requires context-sensitive parameter setting	Aven (2016), Goodwin and Wright (2014), Nguyen and Broekhuizen (2022)