Table 2

Conceptual alignment between strategic decision principles and structural features of the non-probabilistic decision tree

Key strategic principleDecision tree featureApplication to digital proficiencyReferences
True uncertaintyNon-probabilistic structure (no reliance on probabilities)Enables decisions when digital outcomes (e.g. skill uptake, tool adoption) are unpredictableAven (2016), Nguyen and Broekhuizen (2022) 
Scenario planningBranches represent alternative digital readiness pathwaysAllows modelling of diverse employee profiles (e.g. low literacy, latent competence, productivity)Jafari and Van Looy (2025) 
Adaptive reasoningRe-entry points and feedback loopsSupports iterative development and re-evaluation as digital tools or roles evolveJafari and Van Looy (2025) 
Regret minimisationMinimax regret criterion embedded in branch logicHelps avoid irreversible training investments or misaligned role assignmentsGoodwin and Wright (2014) 
Strategic flexibilityModular tree design with optional pathsAccommodates organisational shifts, new technologies, or evolving strategic prioritiesBelton and Stewart (2002) 
Cognitive accessibilityHeuristic-based branching and simplified decision nodesEmpowers managers and employees to make informed choices without complex analyticsKausel and Jackson (2020), Ragsdale (2021) 
Multi-criteria decision-makingEmbedded scoring and weighting logic at key decision nodesEnables evaluation of digital strategies across multiple dimensions (e.g. cost, engagement, adaptability)Belton and Stewart (2002), Bhushan and Rai (2004) 

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