Table 5

Noncausality tests in the sense of granger for the vector autoregressive (1) (1997–2023)

Direction of causalityҒ-statisticProb
WER  
SHWNP does not Granger cause WER1.769060.1961
GDPGROWTH does not Granger cause WER0.323260.7275
Source(s): Authors’ analysis results

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