Table 3 Claim table: Data-to-theory... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Claim table: Data-to-theory mapping

Empirical theme	Representative quote	Interpretation	Theoretical contribution
Motivations for Entrepreneurship	“A compelling emotion propelled me towards entrepreneurship, driven by my desire for self-satisfaction … ”[L]	Entrepreneurship is a path to personal fulfillment and psychological well-being for many participants.	Enriches literature on intrinsic motivations in religious and patriarchal societies.
Motivations for Entrepreneurship	“My husband was not adequately responsible … establishing my own business became a necessity rather than a choice.” [F.M]	Necessity-driven entrepreneurship arises from lack of economic alternatives and family responsibility.	Supports findings on necessity entrepreneurship shaped by socio-economic and gendered contexts.
Islamic Principles as Enablers	“I firmly believe that Allah (God) Almighty blesses halal money and work, even if it is modest in scale.” [AM]	Religious values motivate women to operate ethical and halal enterprises, reinforcing religious legitimacy.	Demonstrates how Islamic ethics shape business practices and serve as a form of empowerment.
Islamic Principles as Enablers	“Islam emphasizes self-reliance and empowerment … the additional income can improve our life’s quality.” [SA]	Islamic principles support women’s right to work and self-reliance, challenging cultural gender norms.	Islamic feminism used as a framework to reinterpret religious norms in favor of women’s autonomy.
Institutional Barriers	“My family support has been instrumental … however, my husband always expects a great deal from me … ” [SA]	Support is conditional; family expectations still prioritize traditional roles despite entrepreneurial support.	Highlights the paradox of conditional support within patriarchal family systems.
Institutional Barriers	“My mother was anxious and didn’t want me to overlook my duties as a mother and wife.” [RM]	Cultural norms pressure women to conform to traditional caregiving roles even when they are entrepreneurs.	Reinforces the tension between religious egalitarianism and cultural conservatism in entrepreneurship.
Navigational Strategies	“I faced fear, not from my husband, but from my parents … I also feel some silent resistance towards them … ” [RM]	Silent resistance is a coping strategy used to navigate social disapproval without direct confrontation.	Introduces “silent resistance” as a gendered entrepreneurial strategy in conservative societies.
Navigational Strategies	“When my brother accompanies me … the price tends to decline … seller is more open to haggling.” [F.M]	Male family members are enlisted to negotiate or lend legitimacy in culturally contested entrepreneurial spaces.	Shows how women navigate institutional voids using culturally strategic gendered partnerships.

Empirical theme	Representative quote	Interpretation	Theoretical contribution
Motivations for Entrepreneurship	“A compelling emotion propelled me towards entrepreneurship, driven by my desire for self-satisfaction … ”[L]	Entrepreneurship is a path to personal fulfillment and psychological well-being for many participants.	Enriches literature on intrinsic motivations in religious and patriarchal societies.
Motivations for Entrepreneurship	“My husband was not adequately responsible … establishing my own business became a necessity rather than a choice.” [F.M]	Necessity-driven entrepreneurship arises from lack of economic alternatives and family responsibility.	Supports findings on necessity entrepreneurship shaped by socio-economic and gendered contexts.
Islamic Principles as Enablers	“I firmly believe that Allah (God) Almighty blesses halal money and work, even if it is modest in scale.” [AM]	Religious values motivate women to operate ethical and halal enterprises, reinforcing religious legitimacy.	Demonstrates how Islamic ethics shape business practices and serve as a form of empowerment.
Islamic Principles as Enablers	“Islam emphasizes self-reliance and empowerment … the additional income can improve our life’s quality.” [SA]	Islamic principles support women’s right to work and self-reliance, challenging cultural gender norms.	Islamic feminism used as a framework to reinterpret religious norms in favor of women’s autonomy.
Institutional Barriers	“My family support has been instrumental … however, my husband always expects a great deal from me … ” [SA]	Support is conditional; family expectations still prioritize traditional roles despite entrepreneurial support.	Highlights the paradox of conditional support within patriarchal family systems.
Institutional Barriers	“My mother was anxious and didn’t want me to overlook my duties as a mother and wife.” [RM]	Cultural norms pressure women to conform to traditional caregiving roles even when they are entrepreneurs.	Reinforces the tension between religious egalitarianism and cultural conservatism in entrepreneurship.
Navigational Strategies	“I faced fear, not from my husband, but from my parents … I also feel some silent resistance towards them … ” [RM]	Silent resistance is a coping strategy used to navigate social disapproval without direct confrontation.	Introduces “silent resistance” as a gendered entrepreneurial strategy in conservative societies.
Navigational Strategies	“When my brother accompanies me … the price tends to decline … seller is more open to haggling.” [F.M]	Male family members are enlisted to negotiate or lend legitimacy in culturally contested entrepreneurial spaces.	Shows how women navigate institutional voids using culturally strategic gendered partnerships.

Source(s): Authors’ own work