Demographic variability in psychosocial hazard exposure
| Category | Variable | Examples of main psychosocial hazards |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | high work pressure, extreme supervisory criticism, financial insecurity, and harassment |
| Female | Underpromotion, discrimination, harassment, work-life conflict, and poor recognition or reward | |
| Age | Young | Job uncertainty, limited autonomy, and bullying |
| Older | Technostress, physical strain, and marginalisation | |
| Job type | Site-based | Long work hours, health and safety risks, physical strain, and exposure to weather extremes |
| Office-based | Poor communication, feelings of isolation, and repetitive tasks | |
| Organisation type | Contractor | Tight deadlines, resource constraints, and operational pressures |
| Consultant | Ethical dilemmas, low work autonomy, and pressure from managing diverse expectations | |
| Country of Origin | Expatriate | Cultural and language barriers, job insecurity, and the strain of being away from family and familiar support systems |
| Countries | Developing | Lack of flexibility, intense workloads, job insecurity, and environmental hazards |
| Developed | Discrimination, harassment (gender and race-based), and excessive working hours |
| Category | Variable | Examples of main psychosocial hazards |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Male | high work pressure, extreme supervisory criticism, financial insecurity, and harassment |
| Female | Underpromotion, discrimination, harassment, work-life conflict, and poor recognition or reward | |
| Age | Young | Job uncertainty, limited autonomy, and bullying |
| Older | Technostress, physical strain, and marginalisation | |
| Job type | Site-based | Long work hours, health and safety risks, physical strain, and exposure to weather extremes |
| Office-based | Poor communication, feelings of isolation, and repetitive tasks | |
| Organisation type | Contractor | Tight deadlines, resource constraints, and operational pressures |
| Consultant | Ethical dilemmas, low work autonomy, and pressure from managing diverse expectations | |
| Country of Origin | Expatriate | Cultural and language barriers, job insecurity, and the strain of being away from family and familiar support systems |
| Countries | Developing | Lack of flexibility, intense workloads, job insecurity, and environmental hazards |
| Developed | Discrimination, harassment (gender and race-based), and excessive working hours |
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