Table 5

Learning inhibitors of AI literacy

ComponentMain component/PercentageSubcomponentsFrequency of subcomponentsInitial explanation
learning inhibitors of AI literacyEconomic Constraints (%16)Low Investment in EdTech8As the digital education landscape evolves, learners face growing ambiguity about future prospects. Limited institutional support and shifting economic signals have made it harder to predict long-term outcomes, prompting many to question the stability of emerging pathways in tech-driven learning and employment
Job Market Uncertainty8
 Outdated Educational System (%25)Rote-Learning Culture8Many classrooms prioritize accuracy and repetition, emphasizing exam-focused mastery over creative exploration. While efficient for testing, this approach often limits students' ability to apply knowledge creatively or develop the analytical skills needed for real-world problem-solving
Emphasis on Theoretical Over Practical Skills9
Focus on memorization over critical thinking8
 Brain Drain & Talent Flight (%18)Skilled Youth Emigrating8Despite growing expertise among young professionals, many face limited local opportunities and barriers to global engagement. Structural constraints and economic disparities often prompt them to seek more rewarding environments abroad, where their skills are better recognized and mobility in the digital economy is less restricted
Low Salaries in Tech Sector Compared to global standards5
Restrictions on Remote Work, Difficulty working for international AI firms5
 Sociocultural Barriers (%29)English proficiency gaps hinder access to resources9For many learners, navigating the world of intelligent systems can feel distant and uncertain. Cultural hesitations, limited exposure to diverse perspectives and the pressure to succeed often create invisible barriers – making it harder to fully engage with tools shaped by unfamiliar norms and languages
Fear of Failure4
Western-centric AI content8
Religious/cultural skepticism about AI's role8
 Surveillance Concerns (% 12)Fear of government monitoring7As intelligent systems become more integrated into daily life, some users remain cautious about how their information is handled. Uncertainty around digital transparency and the invisible reach of automated technologies can create hesitation, especially when trust in institutional safeguards feels fragile or incomplete
Concerns about data security in AI applications5
Total100 
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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