Table 6

Culturally-adaptive teaching

ComponentMain component/PercentageSubcomponentsFrequency of subcomponentsInitial explanation
Culturally-adaptive teachingCulturally Relevant Project-Based Learning (% 15)Connecting academic content to authentic, culturally meaningful problems5Learning becomes deeply personal and impactful when students engage in real-world challenges rooted in their communities, guided by local voices and traditions, while reflecting on how their cultural identities shape their perspectives, problem-solving approaches and contributions to collective knowledge
Encouraging students to reflect on how their culture shapes their learning5
Involving local leaders, elders or organizations in project design5
 Metacognitive Strategy Integration (% 18)Modeling cognitive processes during problem-solving5Visible thinking and guided reflection help students navigate challenges confidently. With structured strategy instruction and self-evaluation, learners develop the resilience to plan, monitor and adapt their learning intentionally
Teaching students to embrace challenges and learn from mistakes4
Explicit teaching of planning, monitoring and evaluating techniques5
Structured opportunities to evaluate learning strategies and outcomes4
 Multilingual & Multimodal Instruction (%18)Encouraging use of multiple languages for comprehension and expression7Learning thrives when students engage with rich, interactive media and diverse forms of communication. By embracing multiple languages and multimodal tools, learners access content more deeply, express ideas more fullyand connect meaningfully across linguistic and cultural boundaries
Interactive tools like podcasts, animations and simulations6
Info graphics, videos and audio recordings to reinforce understanding5
 Peer-to-Peer & Community-Based Learning (%12)Involving family or elders in the learning process4Learning flourishes when students engage with real-world challenges that matter to their communities, guided by the wisdom of elders, the support of families and the mentorship of peers. These connections foster purpose, deepen understanding and cultivate a shared responsibility for growth and contribution
Projects that address community needs while building academic skills3
Pairing students with peers, older students or community mentors5
 Creative Expression & Cultural Storytelling (% 10)Using multimedia tools to narrate personal or cultural stories3Storytelling enables students to explore identity by connecting with heritage and community. Through multimedia narratives grounded in family, symbols and tradition, they honor diverse voices and craft meaningful expressions that bridge personal and cultural realms
Collecting and sharing stories from family or community members4
Exploring identity through objects, symbols and traditions3
 Critical AI Literacy & Ethics (%11)Designing simple AI models or simulations to explore ethical design5By engaging with the inner workings of AI – its data, algorithms and design – students develop a foundational understanding of intelligent systems. Through hands-on creation and ethical exploration, they learn to question how technology shapes society and how responsible innovation begins with informed, critical thinking
Understanding how data is collected, used and protected3
Understanding how AI works (algorithms, data, training)3
 Gamified & Adaptive Learning Platforms (%8)Creating Adaptive algorithms that tailor content to learner needs2Narrative-driven, adaptive learning journeys personalize education through scaffolded challenges and meaningful quests. These immersive experiences keep students engaged and motivated, empowering self-paced growth within purposefully designed storytelling frameworks
Narrative-Based Learning4
Levels, quests and missions that scaffold learning2
 Cross-Disciplinary Integration (%8)Tackling complex issues that require multiple lenses3Interdisciplinary collaboration among educators enables students to address complex real-world problems through diverse perspectives. Well-designed tasks and assessments help learners creatively integrate knowledge and tackle challenges beyond conventional academic boundaries
Rubrics and tasks that evaluate interdisciplinary skills2
Collaborative Teaching3
Total100 
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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