Table 4 Regression analysis of trade...

Table 4

Regression analysis of trade union influence and cultural clusters, and their interactions as predictors of HR service outsourcing variables

	Payroll and benefits			Pensions			Training and development
	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value
Constant	0.279	0.099	0.005	1.802	0.122	0.000	0.795	0.088	<0.001
Trade unions influence	0.149	0.022	<0.001	0.043	0.026	0.099	0.169	0.019	<0.001
Total number of employees (n)	0.000	0.000	0.820	0.000	0.000	0.206	0.000	0.000	0.953
Organizational tenure (years)	0.000	0.001	0.653	0.000	0.001	0.737	0.001	0.001	0.171
Gender (male)	0.093	0.055	0.090	0.053	0.067	0.428	0.065	0.049	0.186
University degree (Yes)	0.202	0.065	0.002	0.173	0.080	0.030	0.217	0.058	<0.001
Sector
Private vs. Public	0.103	0.112	0.108	−0.036	0.078	0.645	−0.044	0.057	0.432
Non-Profit Sector vs. Public	−0.291	0.147	0.010	−0.236	0.138	0.086	−0.159	0.099	0.111
Public and Private vs. Public	−0.163	0.147	0.269	0.073	0.181	0.687	−0.122	0.131	0.352
Cultural cluster
Anglo vs. Nordic	0.450	0.068	<0.001	−0.047	0.084	0.573	0.138	0.061	0.023
Germanic vs. Nordic	0.469	0.065	<0.001	0.129	0.079	0.104	0.306	0.057	<0.001
Anglo vs. Germanic	−0.019	0.072	0.794	−0.176	0.088	0.046	−0.168	0.064	0.009
Interaction effects
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × N	0.316	0.065	<0.001	0.229	0.059	<0.001	0.200	0.043	<0.001
Int. Tr × G vs. Tr × N	0.286	0.048	<0.001	0.272	0.062	<0.001	0.142	0.045	0.002
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × G	0.030	0.050	0.548	−0.044	0.061	0.475	0.057	0.044	0.196
Adjusted R²	0.081			0.018			0.069

	Payroll and benefits			Pensions			Training and development
	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value
Constant	0.279	0.099	0.005	1.802	0.122	0.000	0.795	0.088	<0.001
Trade unions influence	0.149	0.022	<0.001	0.043	0.026	0.099	0.169	0.019	<0.001
Total number of employees (n)	0.000	0.000	0.820	0.000	0.000	0.206	0.000	0.000	0.953
Organizational tenure (years)	0.000	0.001	0.653	0.000	0.001	0.737	0.001	0.001	0.171
Gender (male)	0.093	0.055	0.090	0.053	0.067	0.428	0.065	0.049	0.186
University degree (Yes)	0.202	0.065	0.002	0.173	0.080	0.030	0.217	0.058	<0.001
Sector
Private vs. Public	0.103	0.112	0.108	−0.036	0.078	0.645	−0.044	0.057	0.432
Non-Profit Sector vs. Public	−0.291	0.147	0.010	−0.236	0.138	0.086	−0.159	0.099	0.111
Public and Private vs. Public	−0.163	0.147	0.269	0.073	0.181	0.687	−0.122	0.131	0.352
Cultural cluster
Anglo vs. Nordic	0.450	0.068	<0.001	−0.047	0.084	0.573	0.138	0.061	0.023
Germanic vs. Nordic	0.469	0.065	<0.001	0.129	0.079	0.104	0.306	0.057	<0.001
Anglo vs. Germanic	−0.019	0.072	0.794	−0.176	0.088	0.046	−0.168	0.064	0.009
Interaction effects
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × N	0.316	0.065	<0.001	0.229	0.059	<0.001	0.200	0.043	<0.001
Int. Tr × G vs. Tr × N	0.286	0.048	<0.001	0.272	0.062	<0.001	0.142	0.045	0.002
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × G	0.030	0.050	0.548	−0.044	0.061	0.475	0.057	0.044	0.196
Adjusted R²	0.081			0.018			0.069

	Workforce outplacement/reduction			HR information systems/technology			Recruitment
	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value
Constant	0.102	0.088	<0.001	0.882	0.104	<0.001	0.322	0.081	<0.001
Trade unions influence	0.167	0.019	<0.001	0.179	0.023	<0.001	0.164	0.018	<0.001
Total number of employees (n)	0.000	0.000	0.123	0.000	0.000	0.533	0.000	0.000	0.738
Organizational tenure (years)	−0.001	0.001	0.160	0.000	0.001	0.621	0.000	0.001	0.746
Gender (male)	0.128	0.047	0.006	0.175	0.058	0.003	0.145	0.045	0.001
University degree (Yes)	0.190	0.055	<0.001	0.238	0.068	<0.001	0.204	0.053	<0.001
Sector
Private vs. Public	−0.004	0.054	0.938	−0.091	0.067	0.176	0.282	0.052	<0.001
Non-Profit Sector vs. Public	0.009	0.095	0.927	−0.055	0.118	0.639	−0.007	0.092	0.941
Public and Private vs. Public	0.276	0.125	0.027	−0.122	0.155	0.432	0.283	0.121	0.019
Cultural cluster
Anglo vs. Nordic	0.491	0.058	<0.001	0.036	0.072	0.616	0.162	0.056	0.004
Germanic vs. Nordic	0.383	0.055	<0.001	0.088	0.068	0.197	0.298	0.053	<0.001
Anglo vs. Germanic	0.108	0.061	0.075	−0.052	0.075	0.492	−0.136	0.059	0.021
Interaction effects
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × N	0.368	0.041	<0.001	0.097	0.051	0.054	0.312	0.039	<0.001
Int. Tr × G vs. Tr × N	0.236	0.043	<0.001	0.115	0.054	0.056	0.211	0.042	<0.001
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × G	0.133	0.042	0.002	−0.017	0.053	0.741	0.100	0.041	0.014
Adjusted R²	0.125			0.049			0.108

	Workforce outplacement/reduction			HR information systems/technology			Recruitment
	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value
Constant	0.102	0.088	<0.001	0.882	0.104	<0.001	0.322	0.081	<0.001
Trade unions influence	0.167	0.019	<0.001	0.179	0.023	<0.001	0.164	0.018	<0.001
Total number of employees (n)	0.000	0.000	0.123	0.000	0.000	0.533	0.000	0.000	0.738
Organizational tenure (years)	−0.001	0.001	0.160	0.000	0.001	0.621	0.000	0.001	0.746
Gender (male)	0.128	0.047	0.006	0.175	0.058	0.003	0.145	0.045	0.001
University degree (Yes)	0.190	0.055	<0.001	0.238	0.068	<0.001	0.204	0.053	<0.001
Sector
Private vs. Public	−0.004	0.054	0.938	−0.091	0.067	0.176	0.282	0.052	<0.001
Non-Profit Sector vs. Public	0.009	0.095	0.927	−0.055	0.118	0.639	−0.007	0.092	0.941
Public and Private vs. Public	0.276	0.125	0.027	−0.122	0.155	0.432	0.283	0.121	0.019
Cultural cluster
Anglo vs. Nordic	0.491	0.058	<0.001	0.036	0.072	0.616	0.162	0.056	0.004
Germanic vs. Nordic	0.383	0.055	<0.001	0.088	0.068	0.197	0.298	0.053	<0.001
Anglo vs. Germanic	0.108	0.061	0.075	−0.052	0.075	0.492	−0.136	0.059	0.021
Interaction effects
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × N	0.368	0.041	<0.001	0.097	0.051	0.054	0.312	0.039	<0.001
Int. Tr × G vs. Tr × N	0.236	0.043	<0.001	0.115	0.054	0.056	0.211	0.042	<0.001
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × G	0.133	0.042	0.002	−0.017	0.053	0.741	0.100	0.041	0.014
Adjusted R²	0.125			0.049			0.108

	Selection			Processing routine queries
	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value
Constant	−0.115	0.077	0.136	−0.466	0.073	<0.001
Trade unions influence	0.224	0.017	<0.001	0.220	0.016	<0.001
Total number of employees (n)	0.000	0.000	0.474	0.000	0.000	0.280
Organizational tenure (years)	0.000	0.001	0.885	0.000	0.001	0.451
Gender (male)	0.198	0.043	<0.001	0.175	0.041	<0.001
University degree (Yes)	0.201	0.050	<0.001	0.192	0.048	<0.001
Sector
Private vs. Public	0.100	0.050	0.044	0.060	0.047	0.199
Non-Profit Sector vs. Public	0.045	0.087	0.606	0.011	0.083	0.891
Public and Private vs. Public	0.229	0.115	0.047	0.215	0.109	0.049
Cultural cluster
Anglo vs. Nordic	0.289	0.053	<0.001	0.752	0.050	<0.001
Germanic vs. Nordic	0.339	0.050	<0.001	0.622	0.048	<0.001
Anglo vs. Germanic	−0.051	0.056	0.365	0.130	0.053	0.015
Interaction effects
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × N	0.355	0.038	<0.001	0.429	0.036	<0.001
Int. Tr × G vs. Tr × N	0.226	0.040	<0.001	0.302	0.038	<0.001
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × G	0.129	0.039	<0.001	0.128	0.037	<0.001
Adjusted R²	0.162			0.239

	Selection			Processing routine queries
	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value	B	S.E. (HC3)	p-value
Constant	−0.115	0.077	0.136	−0.466	0.073	<0.001
Trade unions influence	0.224	0.017	<0.001	0.220	0.016	<0.001
Total number of employees (n)	0.000	0.000	0.474	0.000	0.000	0.280
Organizational tenure (years)	0.000	0.001	0.885	0.000	0.001	0.451
Gender (male)	0.198	0.043	<0.001	0.175	0.041	<0.001
University degree (Yes)	0.201	0.050	<0.001	0.192	0.048	<0.001
Sector
Private vs. Public	0.100	0.050	0.044	0.060	0.047	0.199
Non-Profit Sector vs. Public	0.045	0.087	0.606	0.011	0.083	0.891
Public and Private vs. Public	0.229	0.115	0.047	0.215	0.109	0.049
Cultural cluster
Anglo vs. Nordic	0.289	0.053	<0.001	0.752	0.050	<0.001
Germanic vs. Nordic	0.339	0.050	<0.001	0.622	0.048	<0.001
Anglo vs. Germanic	−0.051	0.056	0.365	0.130	0.053	0.015
Interaction effects
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × N	0.355	0.038	<0.001	0.429	0.036	<0.001
Int. Tr × G vs. Tr × N	0.226	0.040	<0.001	0.302	0.038	<0.001
Int. Tr × A vs. Tr × G	0.129	0.039	<0.001	0.128	0.037	<0.001
Adjusted R²	0.162			0.239

Note(s): B = Standardized coefficient, S.E. = Standard Error, HC3 = Heteroscedasticity-Consistent Estimator, Tr = Trade union influence, A = Anglo Cluster, G = Germanic Cluster, N = Nordic Cluster

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