Table 3.

Common challenges of the CCA for South Asian farmers

Major challenges dimensionSpecific causesSources
Poor policy and governanceInadequate policiesIslam and Nursey-Bray (2017), Rahman et al. (2021) and Muench et al. (2021) 
 Poor institutional frameworksKabir et al. (2017), Sam et al. (2020) and Angom et al. (2021) 
 Lack of good governanceSingh et al. (2019), Bremer et al. (2019) and Omerkhil et al. (2020b)
Financial resourcesLack of financial capitalRahman et al. (2021) and Muench et al. (2021) 
 Low access to institutional financeTruelove et al. (2015) 
 High-interest rate of local lendersSingh et al. (2019) and Sam et al. (2020) 
 Inability to access expensive agricultural inputsKabir et al. (2017), Rana and Moniruzzaman (2021) and Aftab et al. (2021) 
InformationLack of access to information and knowledgeAbid et al. (2019) and Suresh et al. (2021) 
 Poor understanding of adaptation strategiesBhatta et al. (2017) and Abid et al. (2019) 
Technology and inputs accessLack of access to technologyFahad and Wang (2018) and Jha and Gupta (2021) 
 Low access to inputs like seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and intercultural operation toolsBahinipati and Venkatachalam (2015) and Omerkhil et al. (2020a)
 Low access to agricultural mechanizationBhatta et al. (2017), Hussain et al. (2018) and Kuchimanchi et al. (2021) 
InfrastructureInadequate infrastructure (road and communication network)Omerkhil et al. (2020a) and Khan et al. (2020) 
 Low access to marketFahad and Wang (2018) and Abid et al. (2019) 
Sociocultural aspectGender inequalitiesNaz et al. (2018) and Aryal et al. (2020a, 2020b)
 Poor attitude toward new technologyShahzad and Abdulai (2020) and Baruah et al. (2021) 
 Negative social normsHussain et al. (2018), Kuchimanchi et al. (2021) and Rahman et al. (2021) 
Source(s): Authors’ own creation
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