Measurement items and construct sources
| Variable | Code | Item statement |
|---|---|---|
| Time pressure (Chen et al., 2018; Collier, Moore, Horky, & Moore, 2015) | TP1 | I always feel rushed when making purchase decisions on e-commerce apps |
| TP2 | Limited-time discounts often make me feel pressured to purchase quickly | |
| TP3 | I frequently have to make quick decisions due to flash sales or time-sensitive offers | |
| TP4 | Time-sensitive promotions lead me to prioritize fast purchases over thoughtful evaluation | |
| TP5 | I feel compelled to buy immediately to avoid missing out on a deal | |
| TP6 | Countdown timers on discounts increase my urgency to make a purchase | |
| Perceived behavioral control (Kang et al., 2006) | PBC1 | I experience difficulties using e-commerce apps |
| PBC2 | It is easy for me to use e-commerce apps | |
| PBC3 | Using e-commerce apps simplifies the purchasing process for me | |
| PBC4 | I can quickly learn how to use the services offered by e-commerce apps | |
| PBC5 | I feel fully in control when navigating and using e-commerce apps | |
| PBC6 | I feel confident making purchases on e-commerce apps without external help | |
| PBC7 | I can resolve unexpected issues that arise when using e-commerce apps | |
| PBC8 | E-commerce apps are flexible enough for me to customize my shopping experience | |
| PBC9 | I believe I can successfully complete purchases on e-commerce apps without assistance | |
| PBC10 | I feel empowered to use e-commerce apps for all my shopping needs | |
| PBC11 | The design of e-commerce apps makes them easy for people like me to use | |
| PBC12 | I rarely encounter technical problems that prevent me from using e-commerce apps effectively | |
| Need for human interaction (Dabholkar, Thorpe, & Rentz, 1996; Lee & Lyu, 2016) | HI1 | I usually interact with sellers through chat services before making a purchase |
| HI2 | Interaction with sellers is very important to me | |
| HI3 | Direct communication with sellers increases my trust in the product | |
| HI4 | I feel more confident about my purchase after discussing it with the seller | |
| HI5 | I prefer asking questions to sellers rather than relying solely on product descriptions | |
| HI6 | Being able to connect with sellers via chat or video call influences my decision to use an e-commerce platform | |
| Continued intention (Wu & Chen, 2017; Wu & Li, 2023) | CI1 | I intend to continue using e-commerce apps in the future |
| CI2 | I will recommend this e-commerce app to others | |
| CI3 | I trust the platform more when I can communicate directly with sellers | |
| CI4 | My confidence increases when I can discuss products with sellers before buying | |
| CI5 | I prefer real-time conversations over reading static product information | |
| CI6 | Having access to seller interaction features influences my decision to keep using the platform |
| Variable | Code | Item statement |
|---|---|---|
| TP1 | I always feel rushed when making purchase decisions on e-commerce apps | |
| TP2 | Limited-time discounts often make me feel pressured to purchase quickly | |
| TP3 | I frequently have to make quick decisions due to flash sales or time-sensitive offers | |
| TP4 | Time-sensitive promotions lead me to prioritize fast purchases over thoughtful evaluation | |
| TP5 | I feel compelled to buy immediately to avoid missing out on a deal | |
| TP6 | Countdown timers on discounts increase my urgency to make a purchase | |
| PBC1 | I experience difficulties using e-commerce apps | |
| PBC2 | It is easy for me to use e-commerce apps | |
| PBC3 | Using e-commerce apps simplifies the purchasing process for me | |
| PBC4 | I can quickly learn how to use the services offered by e-commerce apps | |
| PBC5 | I feel fully in control when navigating and using e-commerce apps | |
| PBC6 | I feel confident making purchases on e-commerce apps without external help | |
| PBC7 | I can resolve unexpected issues that arise when using e-commerce apps | |
| PBC8 | E-commerce apps are flexible enough for me to customize my shopping experience | |
| PBC9 | I believe I can successfully complete purchases on e-commerce apps without assistance | |
| PBC10 | I feel empowered to use e-commerce apps for all my shopping needs | |
| PBC11 | The design of e-commerce apps makes them easy for people like me to use | |
| PBC12 | I rarely encounter technical problems that prevent me from using e-commerce apps effectively | |
| HI1 | I usually interact with sellers through chat services before making a purchase | |
| HI2 | Interaction with sellers is very important to me | |
| HI3 | Direct communication with sellers increases my trust in the product | |
| HI4 | I feel more confident about my purchase after discussing it with the seller | |
| HI5 | I prefer asking questions to sellers rather than relying solely on product descriptions | |
| HI6 | Being able to connect with sellers via chat or video call influences my decision to use an e-commerce platform | |
| CI1 | I intend to continue using e-commerce apps in the future | |
| CI2 | I will recommend this e-commerce app to others | |
| CI3 | I trust the platform more when I can communicate directly with sellers | |
| CI4 | My confidence increases when I can discuss products with sellers before buying | |
| CI5 | I prefer real-time conversations over reading static product information | |
| CI6 | Having access to seller interaction features influences my decision to keep using the platform |
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