Comparison of international trade theory
| Stage of international trade in goods | Stage of international task trading | Stage of international trade in labor services | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional theory of international trade (exchange) | New and “new” new theory of international trade (exchange) | Future theory of international trade (exchange) | |
| Advantage source | Absolute and comparative costs associated with the social division of labor (specialization) | Costs and quality resulting from scientific and technological progress realized under oligopolistic competition among enterprises taking advantage of international diversification of resource abundance | Abundance of professional staff equipped with the necessary technological infrastructure. The use of remote capabilities for the provision of intermediate services |
| The role of the state (central regulator) | Neutrality (“night watchman”) - the result of the equal position of each country participating in international exchanges | Selective activity – creating incentives to attract foreign direct investment by creating an open national economy. Protection of “infant” industries | Creating a modern education system to include most citizens and investing in modern technological infrastructure |
| The role of the enterprise (entrepreneur) | Actively seeking a relative cost advantage that allows for large-scale production (economies of scale) | Focus on the productivity of differentiated product offerings and adaptations to changing consumer preferences (love of variety and ideal variety). Niche specialization allows for economies of scale | Seeking and hiring talented employees to better organize production and increase asset productivity and labor efficiency |
| Stage of international trade in goods | Stage of international task trading | Stage of international trade in labor services | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional theory of international trade (exchange) | New and “new” new theory of international trade (exchange) | Future theory of international trade (exchange) | |
| Advantage source | Absolute and comparative costs associated with the social division of labor (specialization) | Costs and quality resulting from scientific and technological progress realized under oligopolistic competition among enterprises taking advantage of international diversification of resource abundance | Abundance of professional staff equipped with the necessary technological infrastructure. The use of remote capabilities for the provision of intermediate services |
| The role of the state (central regulator) | Neutrality (“night watchman”) - the result of the equal position of each country participating in international exchanges | Selective activity – creating incentives to attract foreign direct investment by creating an open national economy. Protection of “infant” industries | Creating a modern education system to include most citizens and investing in modern technological infrastructure |
| The role of the enterprise (entrepreneur) | Actively seeking a relative cost advantage that allows for large-scale production (economies of scale) | Focus on the productivity of differentiated product offerings and adaptations to changing consumer preferences (love of variety and ideal variety). Niche specialization allows for economies of scale | Seeking and hiring talented employees to better organize production and increase asset productivity and labor efficiency |
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